ピューリッツァー賞受賞フォトグラファーが10年の歳月をかけて見続けたアメリカとメキシコ

フォトジャーナリストが捉えた国境の現実

報道カメラマンの写真を通して考える"世界の現実"

ゲッティイメージズの報道カメラマン ジョン・ムーアは、10年間以上に渡り米国・メキシコ国境の不法移民問題について取材してきました。

4つの米国の州と6つのメキシコの州に接している全長1,951マイル (3,141km)の国境は、毎年100万人以上の不法入国者による横断があると言われています。米国に入国しようとしているメキシコ人や、それを阻止する国境警備隊を東から西まで自分の足で取材していくうちに、何故これほどの危険なリスクを負って入国しようとする人々がいるのか益々関心を持ちました。

それは、麻薬の密輸を防ぐために建設された米国メキシコ間の壁(フェンス)の問題や、中米の治安問題に伴う苦悩など、普段私達が目にすることがない現実です。

今回彼が出版する『Undocumented』には、そんな国境に生まれた数々のドラマが様々な視点から紹介されています。

TIJUANA, MEXICO - SEPTEMBER 25: A man looks through the U.S.-Mexico border fence into the United States on September 25, 2016 in Tijuana, Mexico. Friendship Park on the border is one of the few places on the 2,000-mile border where separated families are allowed to meet. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
TIJUANA, MEXICO - SEPTEMBER 25: A man looks through the U.S.-Mexico border fence into the United States on September 25, 2016 in Tijuana, Mexico. Friendship Park on the border is one of the few places on the 2,000-mile border where separated families are allowed to meet. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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PIMA COUNTY, AZ - NOVEMBER 16: Civilian paramilitary volunteer James, 24, for Arizona Border Recon (AZBR), stands near the U.S.-Mexico border on November 16, 2016 in Pima County, Arizona. The college student said he felt it is his duty to help protect the nation's borders. "There's evil going on here,"he said. AZBR is made up mostly of former U.S. military servicemen, stages reconnaissance and surveillance operations against drug and human smugglers in remote border areas. The group claims up to 200 volunteers and does not consider itself a militia, but rather a group of citizens supplimenting U.S. Border Patrol efforts to control illegal border activity. With the election of Donald Trump as President, border security issues are a top national issue for the incoming Administration. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
PIMA COUNTY, AZ - NOVEMBER 16: Civilian paramilitary volunteer James, 24, for Arizona Border Recon (AZBR), stands near the U.S.-Mexico border on November 16, 2016 in Pima County, Arizona. The college student said he felt it is his duty to help protect the nation's borders. "There's evil going on here,"he said. AZBR is made up mostly of former U.S. military servicemen, stages reconnaissance and surveillance operations against drug and human smugglers in remote border areas. The group claims up to 200 volunteers and does not consider itself a militia, but rather a group of citizens supplimenting U.S. Border Patrol efforts to control illegal border activity. With the election of Donald Trump as President, border security issues are a top national issue for the incoming Administration. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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MESA, AZ - FEBRUARY 28: A U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), security contractor carries chains for Honduran immigration detainees before their deportation flight to San Pedro Sula, Honduras on February 28, 2013 in Mesa, Arizona. ICE operates 4-5 flights per week from Mesa to Central America, deporting hundreds of undocumented immigrants detained in western states of the U.S. With the possibility of federal budget sequestration, ICE released 303 immigration detainees in the last week from detention centers throughout Arizona. More than 2,000 immigration detainees remain in ICE custody in the state. Most detainees typically remain in custody for several weeks before they are deported to their home country, while others remain for longer periods while their immigration cases work through the courts. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
MESA, AZ - FEBRUARY 28: A U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), security contractor carries chains for Honduran immigration detainees before their deportation flight to San Pedro Sula, Honduras on February 28, 2013 in Mesa, Arizona. ICE operates 4-5 flights per week from Mesa to Central America, deporting hundreds of undocumented immigrants detained in western states of the U.S. With the possibility of federal budget sequestration, ICE released 303 immigration detainees in the last week from detention centers throughout Arizona. More than 2,000 immigration detainees remain in ICE custody in the state. Most detainees typically remain in custody for several weeks before they are deported to their home country, while others remain for longer periods while their immigration cases work through the courts. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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◆ジョン・ムーアにとってのフォトジャーナリズムとは・・・

私は、写真には、人間が生きていくうえで大切なことに目を向け、真実とフィクションを区別して伝える力があると考えています。

そして、私が撮影した写真が、何かしらの変化のきっかけになればと願っています。

1枚の写真が、見る人の感情を揺さぶり、普段と違う視点で物事を考えるきっかけになれば本望です。

今回の取材写真も、移民をはじめとする様々な世界の課題に対し、平等で心のある解決策を見出せる手助けになれば幸いです。

<プロフィール>

名前:John Moore(ジョン・ムーア) ゲッティイメージズ フォトグラファー兼特別特派員

在住:米国・コネチカット

略歴:1990年テキサス大学卒業後、Associated Press(AP通信社)へ入社。2005年にゲッティイメージズに入社し、2008年までパキスタンのイスラマバードに在住。イスラマバードを拠点に、南アジアやアフリカ、中東エリアを撮影。特にパキスタンでは、元パキスタン首相のベーナズィール・ブットー氏の暗殺現場を捉えた。2010 年以降は、米国の移民問題に注力。特に 2013年は、アリゾナ、テキサス、コロラド、ニューヨークの国境線で一年の大半を過ごす。

受賞歴:世界報道写真賞(計4回)/「The Overseas Press Club」ロバートキャパ金賞/John Faber賞

米国メキシコ間の取材を終えて・・・

Q:今回のプロジェクトはどのくらいの取材期間を費やしましたか?

ジョン・ムーア(以下、ジョン):10年のプロジェクトでした。2008年に、17年間の海外生活後に米国に戻ってから始めたものです。現在も移民問題は米国のニュースメディアで大きなトピックなので、今後もこの取材は続けるつもりです。

Q:取材前後で移民に対する印象に変化はありましたか?

ジョン:この10年で国境を越えてくる人のタイプが変わったと思います。

始めた頃は米国で仕事を求める労働者が多かったのに対し、最近では中米各国から移住しようとしている家族が多い。その地域のギャングが勢力を増し、一般市民に危険が及ぶようになったからです。

Q:メキシコ・米国の国境を舞台に取材しようと思ったきっかけは何だったのでしょうか?

ジョン:私自身、国境の一部が含まれるテキサス州出身ですし、中米に7年滞在していた際には、メキシコ側の国境問題について取材していました。また、イラクやアフガニスタンで、米国軍の取材を2001年以降にしていたので、軍への取材についても知識がありました。米国の国境警備隊も軍と似たような組織のため、彼らの活動の取材に必要な知識が役に立つだろうと考えました。

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WESLACO, TX - APRIL 13: Undocumented immigrants comfort each other after being caught by Border Patrol agents near the U.S.-Mexico border on April 13, 2016 in Weslaco, Texas. Border security and immigration, both legal and otherwise, continue to be contentious national issues in the 2016 Presidential campaign. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
WESLACO, TX - APRIL 13: Undocumented immigrants comfort each other after being caught by Border Patrol agents near the U.S.-Mexico border on April 13, 2016 in Weslaco, Texas. Border security and immigration, both legal and otherwise, continue to be contentious national issues in the 2016 Presidential campaign. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang member "El Negro", 21, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His gang of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang member "El Negro", 21, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His gang of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang leader "Nadie", 36, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His group of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. The city has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang leader "Nadie", 36, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His group of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. The city has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang member "Big Dog", 25, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His gang of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 17: Street gang member "Big Dog", 25, poses for a photo at his group's safe house on August 17, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. His gang of more than 40 "sicarios" earns money by armed robbery and murder by hire. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest violence and homocide rates in the world for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 19: Local Bario 18 gang leader "El Mortal", 18, poses for a photo on August 19, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. He said he has been a gang member since he was age 10. In Honduras, rival gangs including Barrio 18 and MS-13 tightly control territory, earning money from extortion and drug trafficking. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest rates in the world for violence and homocide rates, most of it gang-related, for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - AUGUST 19: Local Bario 18 gang leader "El Mortal", 18, poses for a photo on August 19, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. He said he has been a gang member since he was age 10. In Honduras, rival gangs including Barrio 18 and MS-13 tightly control territory, earning money from extortion and drug trafficking. San Pedro Sula has one of the highest rates in the world for violence and homocide rates, most of it gang-related, for a populace not at war. Poverty and violence have driven immigration to the United States, although the number of U.S.-bound immigrants has dropped during the first months of the Trump Presidency. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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SAN JUAN SACATEPEQUEZ, GUATEMALA - FEBRUARY 14: Mothers carry portraits of their sons who were kidnapped and killed on February 14, 2017 in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. More than 2,000 people walked in a funeral procession for Carlos Daniel Xiqin, 10, and Oscar Armando Top Cotzajay, 11, who were reported abducted walking to school Friday morning. Residents found the boys stuffed in sacks over the weekend, with the boys' throats slashed and hands and feet bound. Neighbors reported a ransom demand was made. Such crimes have driven emigration from Guatemala to the United States, as families seek refuge from the violence. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
SAN JUAN SACATEPEQUEZ, GUATEMALA - FEBRUARY 14: Mothers carry portraits of their sons who were kidnapped and killed on February 14, 2017 in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. More than 2,000 people walked in a funeral procession for Carlos Daniel Xiqin, 10, and Oscar Armando Top Cotzajay, 11, who were reported abducted walking to school Friday morning. Residents found the boys stuffed in sacks over the weekend, with the boys' throats slashed and hands and feet bound. Neighbors reported a ransom demand was made. Such crimes have driven emigration from Guatemala to the United States, as families seek refuge from the violence. (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images)
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ゲッティイメージズが届けるフォトジャーナリズムとは

ジョン・ムーアの今回のプロジェクトを聞いたとき、正直、どのような写真を撮影するのか、イメージが湧かなかったことを覚えています。これまでにも、国境をテーマとした写真は多く存在していたため、他との違いをどのように表現するのかと思いました。

しかし、実際に出版された写真集を見て脱帽しました。なぜなら非常にバランスよく、多面的に米国とメキシコの国境が抱えている問題とその深さを伝えていて、よりこの問題について知りたいと思わせる力があるからです。

まず、彼の写真を見ると、この問題には様々な立場の当事者が存在することがわかります。例えば危険や貧困から子供を守ろうと移住してくる家族と、自国の国境線を警備する米国側の様子など、それぞれの本能や正義感に従って動いている様子が、彼の写真から強く伝わってくるのです。

次に、写真の一枚一枚から、取材力の深さを感じることができます。ホンジュラスのギャングたちのポートレート写真や、亡くなった方の遺品など、彼だからこそ捉えることができたシーンが数々盛り込まれています。

この写真集を通して、改めて、自分が知らない世界を言葉だけで理解することは難しく、ビジュアルの持つ力を感じることができました。

特に、今回の米国とメキシコとの国境問題における様々な当事者の状況を伝えるためには、写真は非常に有効な手段だったのではないでしょうか。

彼自身も語るように、たった1枚の写真が見る人の感情に訴え、違う視点で物事を考えるきっかけになること、それこそがフォトジャーナリズムの神髄です。ゲッティイメージズは、世界中の皆さんに、考えるきっかけとなる写真をこれからもお届けします。

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