ゲリラ豪雨とは その避け方は? 原因と対策まとめ

ゲリラ豪雨とは何か。なぜ起こるのか。役に立つウェブサイトやスマホアプリとともにまとめました。
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時事通信社

今年の夏も、ゲリラ豪雨が全国で猛威を振るっている。ゲリラ豪雨とは一体何なのか。なぜ起こるのか。どのように備えるのかをまとめた。

■ゲリラ豪雨、今年は去年の3.5倍

ウェザーニュースによると、今年は去年に比べて3.5倍多く、ゲリラ豪雨が発生するという。

「ゲリラ豪雨」について、民間気象会社「ウェザーニューズ」(千葉市)は17日、今夏は全国で昨年より3.5倍多く発生するとの予想を明らかにした。

(SankeiBiz「今夏のゲリラ豪雨、昨年の3.5倍 ウェザーニューズ予想」より 2013/7/18)

■ゲリラ豪雨とは

予測が困難な、積乱雲の発生による突発的で局地的な豪雨を指す俗語である。ゲリラ雨、ゲリラ雷雨などの呼び方もある。ほぼ日本国内でのみ用いられ、国際的にこれに直接相当する言葉はない。気象学的に明確な定義付けはなく、気象庁は予報用語として「ゲリラ豪雨」を用いていない。

(Wikipedia「ゲリラ豪雨」より)

■えっ、ゲリラ豪雨がこんなに来てるのに水不足?

首都圏では、毎日のようにゲリラ豪雨に襲われているが、関東地方は水不足。24日から取水制限が行われているのだ。

首都圏の水がめ、利根川水系のダムで水不足が起きている問題で、首都圏の1都5県で、24日から10%の取水制限が始まった。

午前9時から、10%の取水制限が始まったのは、東京や埼玉など首都圏の1都5県。

利根川から東京方面に水を送っている埼玉・行田市の水路でも、午前9時に、職員がゲートの操作を行い、川から取る水の量が10%減らされた。

(FNNニュース「利根川水系ダム水不足...」より 2013/7/24)

■ゲリラ豪雨が起こる理由

そもそもゲリラ豪雨が起こる原因は、急激に発達する積乱雲だ。

ゲリラ豪雨をもたらすのは、急激に発達する積乱雲だ。日差しで地面が熱せられて地表近くの空気の温度が上がったり、暖かい空気と寒気がぶつかったりすると、上昇気流が起きる。強い上昇気流は雲を作りながら、垂直方向にぐんぐんと大きくなり、高さ10キロもの積乱雲になる。ここに海風など暖かく湿った空気が吹き込むと、雲の中に大量の水が蓄えられ、支えきれなくなったところで一気に雨となって降り注ぐ。

(朝日新聞デジタル「2011年度中学入試特集 - ゲリラ豪雨、なぜ起こるの?」より 2011/1/4)

この積乱雲は、ヒートアイランド現象やアスファルト舗装によって発生しやすくなる。「都心部はゲリラ豪雨なのに、水がめとなる山間部は水不足」の理由はここにある。

主な要因にはヒートアイランド現象が挙げられるほか、都市部ではアスファルト舗装が進んだことで、土壌が本来備えている保水性の低下も指摘されている。

(日刊工業新聞「ゲリラ豪雨への備え」より 2013/6/6)

■ゲリラ豪雨を避けるために便利なWebサイトとアプリ

ゲリラ豪雨の発生は予測が難しい。せめて降る直前に動向をつかめれば、少なくともびしょ濡れになるようなことは防げる。そのためには、リアルタイムの様子を伝えるWebサイトやアプリを使って情報を集めるのが、もっとも確実な回避策、防衛策だ。

東京に住んでいるなら、まず東京都下水道局が運営するWebサイト、東京アメッシュをチェックしたい。ほぼリアルタイムで、降雨量をモニタリングできる。

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Open Image Modal

Androidアプリ「あめふるコール」では、自分でアプリを立ち上げなくても、あらかじめ指定した地点にゲリラ豪雨が近づくとプッシュ通知でお知らせしてくれる。

指定地点に1時間以内に雨が降ると予報されたときにステータスバーなどで通知するアプリとなっていて、傘を持参したり、外出を控えるなど、突然の降雨に備えることができる。

(マイナビニュース「【レビュー】ゲリラ豪雨対策に! 1時間以内の降雨予報をお知らせするアプリ「あめふるコール」を試す」より 2013/7/23)

■気象庁のWebサイトで全国の詳細な情報をチェック

東京以外の地域については、気象庁の「レーダー・ナウキャスト」というサイトを見れば、地域ごとにゲリラ豪雨の状況を知ることができる。

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■ゲリラ豪雨に強い傘も登場

ゲリラ豪雨には突風もつきもの。強風・豪雨に耐える傘が百貨店で人気だという。

強風に対応したのが、耐風傘。名前が表す通り、風にあおられてもおちょこになりにくく、万一おちょこになっても折れずに復元できるタイプだ。

(中略)

フレーム全体にしなやかさを持たせた傘は、見た目の違いはないが、メガネのフレームにも使われるポリアミドなど、より曲げと衝撃に強い素材を採用しているのが特徴。風の力を受けて傘がひっくり返りそうになってもフレーム全体がしなって阻止し、万一、おちょこ状になっても元に戻しやすいというメリットがある。

(日経トレンディネット「百貨店で大人気!“おちょこ”になる「耐風傘」でゲリラ豪雨を乗り切る」より 2013/6/24)

ゲリラ豪雨でも雨漏りしないと豪語する傘も。

一般的な傘は、20mm/hの雨に耐えられる設計で製造されておりますが、ゲリラ豪雨となると20mm/hを超える雨が降るので、普通の傘では縫い目から雨漏りしてしまいます。(地域により異なりますが、25mm/hを超える雨で大雨注意報、45mm/hを超える雨で大雨警報が発令される基準となります。)

(Patria Umbrella Store「ゲリラ豪雨に耐える傘 - 傘専門店」より)

■天気予報で注意するワードは「大気の状態が不安定」

予測が難しいにしても、ゲリラ豪雨が起きやすい状況を前もって判断することは可能だろうか。天気予報で「大気の状態が不安定」という言葉を聞いたら、要注意だ。

各地の気象台では、毎日5時、11時、17時に天気予報を発表しています。その際、特に注意しておきたいのが「大気の状態が不安定」という言葉です。というのも、ゲリラ豪雨の原因となる積乱雲は、大気の状態が不安定な場合に発達しやすいのです。

(Peachy「ゲリラ豪雨に遭ったら?被害を最小限に抑える正しい方法(nanapi)」より 2013/7/21)

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