世界で進む「食の画一化」に警告

この50年間で、世界中の人々が似たような食品を食べる傾向が強まっており、その結果、人々の健康は損なわれ、農業生産も脆弱になっているという研究結果が発表された。
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Dwight Eschliman via Getty Images

この50年間で、世界中の人々が似たような食品を食べる傾向が強まっており、その結果、人々の健康は損なわれ、農業生産も脆弱になっているという研究結果が発表された

3月3日付けの「米国科学アカデミー紀要」誌に発表された研究論文によれば、世界の人々はいまや、カロリー、タンパク質、脂肪の90%を、同じ50種類の農作物から摂るようになっているという。

この研究によれば、都市化や農業の近代化、スーパーマーケットや加工食品の普及等が進んだ結果、ますます多くの人が、動物の肉、乳製品、砂糖入り飲料、油などの「西洋化された」食事を摂るようになっている。一方で、モロコシ、ライ麦、ヤム、サツマイモといった、地元で取れる穀物や野菜の消費は減っている。

「人々は、ますます多くの脂肪、カロリー、タンパク質を摂るようになっている」と、この研究論文の主著者で、コロンビアに本拠を置く国際熱帯農業センターの科学者でもあるコリン・コーリー氏は3月5日、米ハフィントン・ポストの電話取材に対して語った。

この研究では、世界人口の98%の人々を含む152の国について、1961年から2009年までの国民1人当たりの食糧供給データを分析した。その結果、大豆、小麦、ヒマワリ油、ヤシ油といったエネルギーの多い食品を食べる傾向が強まっていたという。しかもこの傾向は、こうした食品を、以前なら入手できなかった地域でも同じだった。

論文は、こうした傾向によって、肥満、心臓病、コレステロール値の上昇、および糖尿病に見舞われる人々が世界中で増加。特に発展途上国の間で増加が高まっているとしている。

さらに農業は、干ばつや害虫や病気といった大規模な脅威に対してますます脆弱になっている。「気候変動の結果、世界中の多くの地域で、状況がますます悪化する可能性がある」と、論文の共著者で、ドイツにあるグローバル作物多様性トラストの研究主幹を務めるルイージ・グァリーノ氏は、リリースの中で述べている。

コーリー氏は、食の多様化と栄養学の発展を促進する政策を、政府が強力に推し進めるべきだと提言している。

「現時点では、民間および公的な研究資金の圧倒的多くが、大豆、トウモロコシ、小麦、米の生産性を上げることに使われている」が、そうした研究資金の一部を、別の種類の農業研究にも向けるべきだ、とコーリー氏は指摘した。

[Hunter Stuart(English) 日本語版:佐藤卓/ガリレオ]

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