音楽の素質とはどんなもの? 

前回の記事「音楽療法とはどんなもの」で、皆様からよく寄せられる質問にお答えしましたが、大切なことを書くのを忘れていました。それは、「音楽療法を受けるのに、音楽の素質が必要か」ということです。
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前回の記事「音楽療法とはどんなもの」で、皆様からよく寄せられる質問にお答えしましたが、大切なことを書くのを忘れていました。それは、「音楽療法を受けるのに、音楽の素質が必要か」ということです。

まず、音楽の素質とは一体何でしょうか。歌がうまく唄えるとか、楽器を弾けるということでしょうか? それとも、音楽的才能があるということでしょうか? 実は、違います。私達は、みんな生まれ持った音楽の素質があるのです。もし、あなたがそうでないと思っているのなら、それは自分自身の音楽的素質に気づいていないだけです。

音楽的能力に関わらず、どなたにでも音楽療法の効果が現れる理由はもう一つあります。それは、音楽療法で肝心なのはプロセス(過程)であり、プロダクト(結果)ではないからです。歌をうまく唄えたかとか、楽器が上手に弾けたということは結果です。しかし、音楽療法で肝心なのは、その過程で得られることなのです。

私は音楽療法士になったばかりのころ、アメリカのオハイオ州にある、3歳から5歳児が通う地域の施設で音楽療法を行うことになりました。そこに来ていた子どもは20人ほどいて、半数の子どもたちは自閉症やダウン症などの障害があり、その他は障害のない子どもたちでした。

施設に行った最初の日、私は目の辺りにした光景に驚きました。障害のある子どもたちと障害のない子どもたちは、別々に遊んでいたのです。つまり、子どもたちはそんなに幼くても、自分と似たような子とそうでない子を区別することができるのです。そして、自分と似たような子と遊ぼうとするのです。障害のある子とない子の交流は、ほとんどありませんでした。

私は音楽療法の目的を、「障害のある子どもたちと、ない子どもたちが交流しあうこと」と決めました。

音楽療法のセッション中、セサミストリートの「Sing」という歌を使って、歌詞にあった手話を子どもたちに教えました。言葉が話せる子は歌を唄いながら手話をする。話せない子は手話だけする。すると、面白いことが起こったのです。ウィルというとても機転の利く子が、聞きました。

「なんで僕は唄わなければいけないのに、ケンは唄わなくてもいいの?」

ケンには障害があり、言葉が話せなかったのです。ケンは唄わなくてもいいけど、手話はできるのだから、みんなと一緒に手話をするのだと説明しました。すると、驚いたことにウィルはこれをすぐに理解し、他の子も納得したのです。

もう一つの驚きは、ケンが誰よりも早く手話を覚えたことです。それによって、ケンは言葉が話せなくてもちゃんと物事を理解しているのだということが、他の子どもたちにもわかったのです。ケンがお手本になってみんなに手話を教えたおかげで、クラス全員がちゃんと手話を覚えました。

そして、その年のホリデーコンサートで、子どもたちは、歌と手話をとても上手に披露したのです。私はそれを見て、子どもたちを誇らしく思いました。しかし、それはコンサートがうまくいったからではなく、音楽療法の過程でみんなが成長したからです。

子どもたちは、一緒に唄い手話をすることによって、交流をもつことを学んだのです。

音楽療法の目的は、音楽が上達することではなく、その過程にあります。ですから、個人の音楽的能力はセラピーと関係ないのです。

それに、音楽の素質は誰にでもあります。あなたにもあります。もしかすると、それに気づいていないだけかもしれません。

(この記事の英語版 「What Does It Mean To be Musical?」)

Twitter ID: @YumikoSatoMTBC

11 Health Benefits Of Music
Eases Anxiety In Cancer Patients (01 of11)
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Researchers from Drexel University found that cancer patients who either listened to music or worked with a music therapist experienced a reduction in anxiety.\r\n\r\nThe review by the Cochrane Collaboration included 1,891 people with cancer, and found that people who participated in music somehow not only had decreased anxiety, but also better blood pressure levels and improved moods, HealthDay reported. (credit:alamy)
Reduces Stress (02 of11)
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If you listen to your iPod every day on your way to work or break out the guitar every evening, then you\'ll like this finding. \r\n\r\nA doctoral thesis from the University of Gothenburg reveals that listening to music every day lowers stress. The thesis was based on the results of two studies, which showed that people who listened to music also felt positive emotions.\r\n\r\n\"But it should be pointed out that when studying emotional responses to music it is important to remember that all people do not respond in the exact same way to a piece of music and that one individual can respond differently to the same piece of music at different times, depending on both individual and situational factors,\" thesis author Marie Helsing said in a statement. \"To get the positive effects of music, you have to listen to music that you like.\" \r\n (credit:alamy)
Helps During Surgery (03 of11)
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Listening to music while lying on the operating table could help to lower stress, TIME reported.\r\n\r\nThe research, conducted by Cleveland Clinic researchers, included patients -- mostly with Parkinson\'s disease -- as they were undergoing brain surgery. The researchers found that the study participants who listened to pure melodies -- versus just rhythmic arrangements, or a mix of the two -- were comforted the most. Their brains also reflected this calming, TIME reported, with some of the study participants even falling asleep. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Protects Your Ears' Sound-Processing Abilities(04 of11)
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A 2011 study in the journal Psychology and Aging shows that being a lifelong musician is linked with better sound processing, the Washington Post reported.\r\n\r\nThe study included 163 people (74 of whom had played music all their lives). The researchers also found a link between hearing test scores and the amount of time the study participants practiced their music, according to the Washington Post. (credit:alamy)
Boosts Heart Health (05 of11)
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Odd as it may seem, University of Maryland Medical Center researchers have found a link between listening to music and heart health.\r\n\r\nThe researchers found that listening to joyful music is linked with dilation of blood vessels\' inner lining, meaning more flow of blood through the blood vessels. Specifically, the diameter of blood vessels grew by 26 percent when a person listened to happy music. However, the opposite effect was noted when a person listened to anxiety-triggering music -- blood vessel diameter decreased by 6 percent as a result. \r\n\r\nThe research was presented in 2008 at a meeting of the American Heart Association. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Soothes Pain (06 of11)
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Researchers from University of Utah Pain Research Center showed that listening to music is effective as a distraction for anxiety-prone people from feeling pain, and as a result, could help people feel less pain.\r\n\r\nThe study, which included 143 people, was published in the Journal of Pain. The researchers found that music helped the study participants to have less arousal when shocked with non-dangerous fingertip electrodes. (credit:alamy)
Helps Memory (07 of11)
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Kids who take music lessons could be doing their brains a favor, according to Hong Kong researchers.\r\n\r\nWebMD reported that taking music lessons is linked with doing better on tests where you have to recall words you read on a list. \r\n\r\nAnd \"the more music training during childhood, the better the verbal memory,\" study researcher Agnes S. Chan, PhD, a psychologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, told WebMD. \"This strongly implies that the better verbal memory in children with music training is not simply a matter of differences in age, education level, or their family\'s socioeconomic characteristics.\"\r\n (credit:alamy)
Protects The Aging Brain (08 of11)
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Having musical training could protect your mental sharpness in old age, according to a 2011 study in the journal Neuropsychology. \r\n\r\nHealthDay reported on the study of 70 people ages 60 to 83, with varying levels of music experience. The researchers from the University of Kansas Medical Center found that the people who had the most musical training in their lives had the best mental sharpness, and scored the highest on brain functioning tests. (credit:alamy)
Prevents Heart Transplant Rejection (In Mice) (09 of11)
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It may so far only be shown in mice, but it\'s still pretty amazing: Japanese researchers found that exposing mice to certain kinds of music was linked with \"prolonged survival\" after a heart transplant, Miller-McCune reported.\r\n\r\nThe mice in the study were exposed to either Mozart, Verdi (opera music), New Age-type music, no music at all, or a sound frequency. Mice who listened to Mozart and Verdi had a longer survival time after the heart transplant, compared to the other mice, according to Miller-McCune. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Improves Stroke Recovery (10 of11)
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Finnish researchers found that listening to music soon after a stroke could help with recovery, News Medical reported. \r\n\r\nPublished in 2008 in the journal Brain, researchers found that listening to music was linked with improved verbal memory and attention among stroke patients, compared with listening to audio books or not listening to anything at all. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Works As Well As A Massage At Lowering Anxiety(11 of11)
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Massages are super-relaxing, sure -- but a study in the journal Depression and Anxiety shows that music could also do the trick, at least when it comes to decreasing anxiety.\r\n\r\nResearchers from the Group Health Research Institute found that patients who got 10 hour-long massages had the same decreased anxiety symptoms three months later as people who simply listened to music (and went sans-massage), HealthDay reported. \r\n\r\nThe study included 68 people who received the 10 massages with music, laid down while listening to music (but didn\'t get a massage), or were wrapped with warm pads and towels while listening to music (but didn\'t get a massage), according to HealthDay. (credit:alamy)