温暖化でスキーリゾートに危機

地学関連の学術誌「Hydrology and Earth System Sciences(水文学および地球システム科学)」に発表された新しい報告書によると、スキーリゾート関係者の懸念が現実のものとなりそうだ。
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In this Sunday, Dec. 2, 2012 photo, a flock of Geese fly past the smokestacks at the Jeffrey Energy Center coal power plant as the suns sets near Emmett, Kan. Worldwide levels of the chief greenhouse gas that causes global warming have hit a milestone, reaching an amount never before encountered by humans, federal scientists said Friday, May 10, 2013. Carbon dioxide was measured at 400 parts per million at the oldest monitoring station in Hawaii which sets the global benchmark. The last time the worldwide carbon level was probably that high was about 2 million years ago, said Pieter Tans of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

地学関連の学術誌「Hydrology and Earth System Sciences(水文学および地球システム科学)」に発表された新しい報告書によると、スキーリゾート関係者の懸念が現実のものとなりそうだ。

この報告書によれば、米西部のスキーリゾートでは、2050年までにウィンタースポーツシーズンが短くなる見込みだという。ワイオミング州、ユタ州、コロラド州、ニューメキシコ州、アリゾナ州にまたがるコロラド川上流域の山々では、春の雪どけが、早い場合は6週間ほど早まる可能性が指摘された。原因は地球温暖化と、同地域で発生している極度の風送ダスト(大陸の乾燥地帯から風によって砂やちりが舞い上がること)だ。

米国海洋大気庁(NOAA)による気象関連サイトは、この報告書をこう分析している。「雪の消失が早まれば、すでに過剰な取水が問題になっているコロラド川に、さらなる水供給問題が持ち上がることになる。特にコロラド川上流域では、下流に向かう水量が不足している。雪が完全に消える時期が早まれば、乾期が長期化し、その結果、山火事の危険性が高まり、水界生態系にも悪影響が及ぶだろう」

雪線高度(雪が降り積もる下限)が高くなっているため、山の比較的低い場所に位置するスキーリゾートはすでに気候変動の影響を受けている、と話すのは、先ごろ行われた環境会議に出席したオレゴン州立大学のアン・ノリン教授(地学および水文学気候)だ。

ノリン教授はまた、北米ではここ数十年、春先の降雪量が10年間で1.5%から2%の割合で減少していると指摘している。雪の季節が短くなっているわけだ。

同じ会議の席上では、スキーリゾートAspen/SnowmassのCEOも、ウィンタースポーツ業界が直面している現実を訴えた。雪だけでつくられたルートなどが問題になってくる可能性があるというのだ(同社は北米で人気の高いリゾートをいくつか経営しており、ワイオミング州ジャクソンホールや、カナダのウィスラー・ブラックコムでスキー場を展開している)。

こういった問題を抱えているのは米西部だけではない。「ニューヨーク・タイムズ」紙が昨年伝えたところによると、米北東部には103を超えるスキーリゾートがあるが、その半数以上は、2039年までに年間の運営日数が100日を切るだろうという。

専門家も、気候変動がこのまま進行すれば、2100年には、米北東部に14カ所ある大規模スキーリゾートのうち、採算が取れるのは4カ所だけになるだろうと警告する。

山間部各地で気温が上昇していることを受け、リゾート地では人工降雪機で事態に対応している。とはいえ、人工雪も溶けることに変わりはなく、温暖化が進めば、人為的な方法では対処しきれなくなるかもしれない。

自然保護活動や自然に関するデータ収集を行なう米自然資源防衛審議会(NRDC)が公表した2012年度の報告によれば、米国内のスキーリゾートは、およそ21万1000人の雇用と、約122億ドルの年間収益を生み出している。

報告はさらにこう述べる。「何らかの手を打たなければ、今世紀末までには、冬季の気温がさらに摂氏1度から4度上昇するだろう。それに続いて降雪エリアや降雪量が減少し、降雪期間も短縮すると予測されている。米西部では積雪量が25%から100%減る恐れもあり、北東部では降雪期間が半減する可能性もあるだろう」

日本のスキー場275カ所に関して、温暖化がどういう影響を与えるかについて推測した研究はこちら(PDF)。

[Matt Ferner(English) 日本語版:遠藤康子/ガリレオ]

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