同性愛で有罪、「計算機科学の父」チューリングにイギリス政府が没後59年目の恩赦

英国時間で12月24日、英国政府が科学者アラン・チューリングに与えた死後恩赦が正式に確定しました。天才的な数学者として多方面で業績を挙げ、第二次大戦中にはドイツの有名なエニグマ暗号を破り連合国側の勝利に貢献し、また創成期のコンピューターに数学的側面から大きな影響を与え「計算機科学の父」と称される人物です。
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英国時間で12月24日、英国政府が科学者アラン・チューリングに与えた死後恩赦が正式に確定しました。

アラン・チューリングは1912年ロンドン生まれ、1954年没 (41歳)。天才的な数学者として多方面で業績を挙げ、第二次大戦中にはドイツの有名なエニグマ暗号を破り連合国側の勝利に貢献し、また創成期のコンピューターに数学的側面から大きな影響を与え「計算機科学の父」と称される人物です。

今回の恩赦は、チューリングが1952年に有罪判決を受けた " gross indecency "、要するに同性愛行為に対するもの。当時の英国では同性愛が窃盗や殺人のような犯罪として扱われており、チューリングは有罪判決ののち投獄か薬物「治療」かの選択を迫られ、いわゆるホルモン療法による化学的去勢措置を受けていました。

(当時も今もイギリスでいちいちホモセクシュアルを捕まえていたら国が成立しませんが、チューリングは知り合ったばかりの19歳の青年を自宅に招いたあと、その青年の知り合いから窃盗被害を受けて通報したことから、裁判の過程でことが公になり有罪判決につながった経緯があります。有力な後ろ盾がなかったことも影響しているかもしれません。刑法の該当部分が改正されたのは1967年)。

チューリングは約1年間の化学的去勢措置を受けた後、1954年に自宅で青酸中毒で亡くなっています。そもそも自宅に危険な薬物があったのは趣味で化学実験をしていたためですが、青酸中毒による死については、好きだった白雪姫の物語になぞらえて林檎に青酸化合物を含ませ就寝前に口にした自殺とも、純粋に事故だとも、母親や親族を思って事故だと解釈できる状況を作ってからの周到な自殺ともいわれており、いまだ解明されていません。

戦時中の暗号解読センターでの活躍は秘匿され死後20年近くを経るまで一般に知られていませんでしたが、本領の数学、計算機科学については書ききれないほどの業績を残しており、計算機科学分野で世界最高の賞と呼ばれるACMチューリング賞は彼の名を冠しています。

功績はたとえば、実際のコンピュータが存在しない時代に、計算する機械の理論と限界を明らかにしたチューリングマシン、アルゴリズムの概念の定式化、人工知能への理論的考察から生まれた思考実験であるチューリングテストなど。

このように多大な業績を残した人物であることと、当時は合法だったとはいえひどい差別の犠牲者であったことから没後も名誉回復の試みは続いており、著名人による恩赦嘆願や、署名キャンペーン等が繰り返されていました。

2009年には政府から正式な謝罪があり、当時のブラウン首相はチューリングが受けた「恐ろしい扱い」は「まったくの不正義」であり、英国政府およびチューリングのおかげで生き延びたすべての人々を代表して謝罪すると述べています。が、この時点では単なる謝罪で、有罪とした判決そのものは当時は合法であり時間は巻き戻せないとして謝ったのみ。

そののち2012年には英国貴族院に正式な恩赦の法案が提出され、2013年12月24日を以って、エリザベス2世女王の名をもって正式に恩赦が発効しました。通常の恩赦は対象が実際には無実であったこと、さらに遺族など名誉回復に大きな利害のある人物からの求めでなければ与えられませんが、チューリングの恩赦はどちらにも該当せず、非常に珍しい例となります。

今回のような恩赦の正式な名称は " Royal Prerogative of Mercy "。国王大権による恩赦とでもいった意味で、戦後にはわずか3名にしか適用されていません。(Wikipediaから辿って調べました)。

キャメロン首相による声明は、

"Alan Turing was a remarkable man who played a key role in saving this country in World War Two by cracking the German Enigma code.

His action saved countless lives. He also left a remarkable national legacy through his substantial scientific achievements, often being referred to as the father of modern computing."

「アラン・チューリングは傑出した人物であり、ドイツのエニグマ暗号を解読したことで、第二次世界大戦においてこの国を救うため重要な役目を果たしました。

チューリングの貢献は無数の人々の命を救いました。かれはまた、現代的コンピューティングの父とも称される多大な科学的業績を通じて、この国に大きな遺産を残しました。」

当の本人は60年近く前に死んでいるうえに、天才科学者でも国を救った英雄でもないただの同性愛者全員を恩赦したわけでも謝罪したわけでもありませんが、「業績に免じて許す」ではなく「差別による不正な扱いだった」と改めて政府が認めたことには意義があります。クリスマスイブにふさわしい良いニュースです。

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Preparations Continue Ahead Of The Birth Of The Royal Baby(46 of72)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JULY 18: Kate Middleton fans are seen outside the hospital as the UK prepares for the birth of the first child of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on July 18, 2013 in London, England. (Photo by Danny E. Martindale/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Preparations Continue Ahead Of The Birth Of The Royal Baby(47 of72)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JULY 18: Girls wearing Kate Middleton masks pose outside the hospital as the UK prepares for the birth of the first child of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at on July 18, 2013 in London, England. (Photo by Danny E. Martindale/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(48 of72)
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Members of the British royal family (L-R) Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, Prince Harry, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, watch the fly-past on the balcony at Buckingham Palace following the Queen\'s Birthday parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in central London on June 15, 2013. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / CARL COURT (Photo credit should read CARL COURT/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(49 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Prince William (CR) and his wife Kate, D(50 of72)
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Prince William (CR) and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, walk down the aisle of Westminster Abbey after their royal wedding in central London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ DOMINIC LIPINSKI (Photo credit should read Dominic Lipinski/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Prince William (CL) and his wife Kate, D(51 of72)
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Prince William (CL) and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, walk down the aisle of Westminster Abbey after their royal wedding in central London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ DOMINIC LIPINSKI (Photo credit should read Dominic Lipinski/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(52 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, wave as they travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Reverend Richard Chartres, Lord Bishop o(53 of72)
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Reverend Richard Chartres, Lord Bishop of London reads from the pulpit at Westminster Abbey during the royal wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton in central London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ DOMINIC LIPINSKI (Photo credit should read Dominic Lipinski/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(54 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / DAMIEN MEYER (Photo credit should read DAMIEN MEYER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(55 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / LEON NEAL (Photo credit should read LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(56 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route with a Captain\'s Escort of the Household Cavalry, to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / DAMIEN MEYER (Photo credit should read DAMIEN MEYER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(57 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, wave as they travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(58 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, come out of Westminster Abbey in London, after their wedding service, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / CARL DE SOUZA (Photo credit should read CARL DE SOUZA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(59 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, wave as they travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route to Buckingham Palace, in London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ MATT CARDY (Photo credit should read Matt Cardy/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Royal Wedding - The Newlyweds Greet Wellwishers From The Buckingham Palace Balcony(60 of72)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - APRIL 29: TRH Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge kiss on the balcony at Buckingham Palace on April 29, 2011 in London, England. The marriage of the second in line to the British throne was led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and was attended by 1900 guests, including foreign Royal family members and heads of state. Thousands of well-wishers from around the world have also flocked to London to witness the spectacle and pageantry of the Royal Wedding. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Royal Wedding - The Newlyweds Greet Wellwishers From The Buckingham Palace Balcony(61 of72)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - APRIL 29: Well wishers wave flags as they surge along the Mall behind the police towards Buckingham Palace to celebrate the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 2011 in London, England. The marriage of the second in line to the British throne is to be led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and will be attended by 1900 guests, including foreign Royal family members and heads of state. Thousands of well-wishers from around the world have also flocked to London to witness the spectacle and pageantry of the Royal Wedding. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Prince William and his wife Kate, the Du(62 of72)
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Prince William and his wife Kate, the Duchess of Cambridge, leave Westminster Abbey after their royal wedding in London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ DAVE THOMPSON (Photo credit should read Dave Thompson/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Prince William (TopR) and his wife Kate,(63 of72)
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Prince William (TopR) and his wife Kate, The Duchess of Cambridge, leave Westminster Abbey after their royal wedding in central London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO/ POOL/ ANDREW MILLIGAN (Photo credit should read ANDREW MILLIGAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
A general view shows a flag in the crowd(64 of72)
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A general view shows a flag in the crowd in the Mall and Victoria Memorial filled with well-wishers celebrating the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate, Duchess of Cambridge on April 29, 2011 in London AFP PHOTO / WPA POOL / OLI SCARFF (Photo credit should read OLI SCARFF/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, comes out of(65 of72)
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Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, comes out of Westminster Abbey, with her husband Britain\'s Prince William (not pictured) following their wedding ceremony, in central London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / CARL DE SOUZA (Photo credit should read CARL DE SOUZA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, comes out of(66 of72)
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Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, comes out of Westminster Abbey, with her husband Britain\'s Prince William (not pictured) following their wedding ceremony, in central London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / CARL DE SOUZA (Photo credit should read CARL DE SOUZA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William puts the ring o(67 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William puts the ring on Kate, Duchess of Cambridge\'s finger during their wedding ceremony at Westminster Abbey in London on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / WPA POOL/ Andrew Milligan (Photo credit should read ANDREW MILLIGAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Britain's Prince William and his wife Ka(68 of72)
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Britain\'s Prince William and his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge, travel in the 1902 State Landau carriage along the Processional Route with a Captain\'s Escort of the Household Cavalry, to Buckingham Palace after their wedding service, in London, on April 29, 2011. AFP PHOTO / MARTIN BUREAU (Photo credit should read MARTIN BUREAU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Combo picture shows Britain's Prince Cha(69 of72)
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Combo picture shows Britain\'s Prince Charles kissing Diana, Princess of Wales during their wedding in London on July 29, 1981 and (on right) Britain\'s Prince William kissing his wife Kate, Duchess of Cambridge on the balcony of Buckingham Palace on April 29, 2011, in London. AFP PHOTO (Photo credit should read -/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Kate, the Duchess of Cambridge leaves Cl(70 of72)
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Kate, the Duchess of Cambridge leaves Clarence House accompanied by Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall to travel to Buckingham Palace for the evening celebrations following her wedding to Prince William earlier in the day on April 29, 2011 in London. AFP PHOTO/WPA POOL/ John Stillwell (Photo credit should read JOHN STILLWELL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Royal Wedding - The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Leave For Their Honeymoon(71 of72)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - APRIL 30: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge walk hand in hand from Buckingham Palace the day after their wedding to a waiting helicopter as they leave for a secret honeymoon location, on April 30, 2011 in London, England. The marriage of Prince William and Catherine Middleton was led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and was attended by 1900 guests, including foreign Royal family members and heads of state. Thousands of well-wishers from around the world have also flocked to London to witness the spectacle and pageantry of the Royal Wedding. (Photo by John Stillwell - WPA Pool/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Philippa Middleton leaves the Goring Hot(72 of72)
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Philippa Middleton leaves the Goring Hotel in London on April 30, 2011 following the wedding of her sister Kate to Britain\'s Prince William yesterday. AFP PHOTO/BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)