ニースのテロ事件が発生した「7月14日」は、フランスにとって特別な日だった

7月14日が「革命記念日」とされる由来は、今から227年前の1789年にまでさかのぼる。
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French soldiers parade the Champs Elysees avenue, with the Arc de Triomphe in background, during the Bastille Day parade in Paris, Thursday, July 14, 2016. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

フランス南部ニースで7月14日、花火を見ていた人々の中に暴走したトラックが突っ込み、少なくとも77人が死亡した。フランスのエロー外相はテロ事件だという認識を示した。この日フランスは「革命記念日」と呼ばれる休日だった。

■フランスでは、なぜ7月14日を「革命記念日」と呼ぶのか

7月14日が「革命記念日」とされる由来は、今から227年前の1789年にまでさかのぼる。

当時フランスはブルボン家が支配する絶対王政の国で、度重なる戦争による財政難にあえいでいた。しかし、聖職者や貴族などの特権階級には免税が認められ、広大な土地とあらゆる官職を独占していた。その一方、国民の90%を占めた平民たちは厳しい生活を強いられていた。農民は地主からの重税に苦しみ、市民は経済的な自由を求めていた。さらに折悪く、フランスでは天候不順による凶作も発生。経済的にも社会的にも、不安が高まっていった。

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当時の世相を風刺した絵。平民が、貴族と聖職者を背負って苦しむ様子が描かれている。

こうした中で平民たちは、自分たちこそが国民を代表するものだとし、議会をつくり、憲法の制定を目指した。これに対し国王ルイ16世や保守的な貴族たちは平民たちを武力でおさえこもうとした。

危機を感じた民衆たちは1789年7月14日、武器・弾薬を求めて政治犯が収容されていたバスティーユ牢獄を襲撃。この報が全国に伝わると、フランス各地でも蜂起が起こった。1793年1月、国王ルイ16世は断頭台で処刑され、フランスは国民が主権を持つ「共和制」の国となった(第一共和制)。

こうしたことから、7月14日という日はフランス革命の端緒となった日であると同時に、今の「フランス」という国を形づくるきっかけとなった重要な日とされている。

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バスティーユ牢獄襲撃事件

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ルイ16世の処刑

■現代では、軍事パレードや花火でお祝いも

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革命記念日の軍事パレード

現在のフランスでも、7月14日の「革命記念日」は重要な祝日とされている。2016年もパリ中心部のシャンゼリゼ大通りでは、3000人以上の兵士や約200両の車列が凱旋門からコンコルド広場までの約2キロをパレード。上空では軍用機がフランス国旗にちなんだ赤、青、白の煙をたなびかせ、人々の目を楽しませた。

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赤、青、白の煙をたなびかせる軍用機

7月14日はパリ以外でも各地でダンスパーティーや花火大会などさまざまなイベントが催され、夏のバカンスの始まりを告げる祭りの日でもある。ニースで発生した事件も、その最中に発生したものだった。

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ニースでも革命記念日を祝う花火が打ち上げられていた

関連記事

フランス・革命記念日 画像集
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TOPSHOT - Troops wait near the Arc de Triomphe, in Paris, before taking part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French troops of the Republican Guard on horseback parade as the French president arrives for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN (Photo credit should read STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN via Getty Images)
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French troops of the Republican Guard on horseback prepare to parade as the French president arrives for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN (Photo credit should read STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN via Getty Images)
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The French Republican Guards take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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The Fanfare Battery Unit of the French Republican Guard takes part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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People take pictures of Alphajet aircrafts from the French elite acrobatic flying team Patrouille de France (PAF) which release smoke in the colours of the French national flag during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016.\nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / PATRICK KOVARIK (Photo credit should read PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK KOVARIK via Getty Images)
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Alphajet aircrafts from the French elite acrobatic flying team Patrouille de France (PAF) release smoke in the colours of the French national flag during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French President Francois Hollande reviews troops during the Bastille Day Parade on the Champs Elysees avenue in Paris, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / POOL / Thibault Camus (Photo credit should read THIBAULT CAMUS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:THIBAULT CAMUS via Getty Images)
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French President Francois Hollande (C), the Military Governor of Paris Bruno Le Ray (L) and the Chief of the Defence Staff French army General Pierre de Villiers (R) arrive in a command car for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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An Airbus A400Ms aircraft flies over troops during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \n\n\nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French President Francois Hollande (C), the Military Governor of Paris Bruno Le Ray (L) and the Chief of the Defence Staff French army General Pierre de Villiers (R) arrive in a command car for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French Republican Guards take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Maori soldiers take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / PATRICK KOVARIK (Photo credit should read PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK KOVARIK via Getty Images)
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Troops from Australia and New-Zealand arrive Place de la Concorde as they take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French President Francois Hollande (L) and the Chief of the Defence Staff French army General Pierre de Villiers arrive in a command car for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / POOL / Thibault Camus (Photo credit should read THIBAULT CAMUS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:THIBAULT CAMUS via Getty Images)
FRANCE-BASTILLE-DAY-PARADE(16 of37)
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Troops from Australia and New-Zealand arrive Place de la Concorde as they take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
FRANCE-BASTILLE-DAY-PARADE(17 of37)
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Troops from Australia and New-Zealand arrive Place de la Concorde as they take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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A trail of smoke in the colours of the French national flag is left above the La Defense business district after Alphajet aircrafts from the French elite acrobatic flying team Patrouille de France (PAF) flew overhead during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN (Photo credit should read STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN via Getty Images)
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Students of the French Special Military school of Saint Cyr march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Students of the French Special Military school of Saint Cyr march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Students of the Ecole Polytechnique (Special military school of Polytechnique) march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Troops of the Paris Fire brigade march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Members of the 24th infantry regiment and reserve battalion of Ile de France parade on the Place de la Concorde after marching down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016.\nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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An aerial view taken from a helicopter shows the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / Thomas SAMSON (Photo credit should read THOMAS SAMSON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:THOMAS SAMSON via Getty Images)
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Troops of the French Foreign Legion take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Troops of the French Foreign Legion take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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French troops of the Republican Guard on horseback parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Place de la Concorde in Paris on July 14, 2016.\nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Troops of the Paris Fire brigade march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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A member of the Spanish Guardia Civil marches down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris with students of the Ecole des Officiers de la Gendarmerie Nationale (Officers of the National Gendarmerie military school) during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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The La Defense business district is seen in the background as a Boeing C135 flies ahead of four Mirage 2000D jets during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN (Photo credit should read STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN via Getty Images)
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TOPSHOT - French troops of the Republican Guard on horseback take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Troops of the Paris Fire brigade march past the presidential box on the Place de la Concorde, during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / PATRICK KOVARIK (Photo credit should read PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK KOVARIK via Getty Images)
FRANCE-BASTILLE-DAY-PARADE(33 of37)
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French troops of the Republican Guard on horseback take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / PATRICK KOVARIK (Photo credit should read PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK KOVARIK via Getty Images)
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Officers of the \'commandement du renseignement\' prepare for the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN (Photo credit should read STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STEPHANE DE SAKUTIN via Getty Images)
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TOPSHOT - French 16th hunter battalion march down the Champs-Elysees avenue during the annual Bastille Day military parade on the Place de la Concorde in Paris on July 14, 2016.\nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Soldiers of the Foreign Legion\'s 13th half brigade (13eme Demi-Brigade de la Legion Etrangere) take part in the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / DOMINIQUE FAGET (Photo credit should read DOMINIQUE FAGET/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:DOMINIQUE FAGET via Getty Images)
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Students of the Ecole Polytechnique (Special military school of Polytechnique) march down the Champs-Elysees avenue in Paris during the annual Bastille Day military parade, on July 14, 2016. \nFrance holds annual Bastille Day military parade with troops from Australia and New Zealand as special guests among the 3,000 soldiers who will march up the Champs-Elysees avenue. They will be accompanied by 200 vehicles with 85 aircraft flying overhead. / AFP / PATRICK KOVARIK (Photo credit should read PATRICK KOVARIK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK KOVARIK via Getty Images)