ビットコイン界の大物、次々訴追 成長を続けるには「過去」との決別必要か

米ニューヨーク・マンハッタンの金融街で毎週開かれる、インターネット上の仮想通貨「ビットコイン」の取引セッション。27日に行われたセッションでは、ビットコイン界の大物とされる人物が逮捕されたことが大きな話題となっていた。米当局は26日、ビットコインの普及促進団体「ビットコイン・ファンデーション」のチャーリー・シュレム副会長(24)を逮捕し、マネーロンダリング(資金洗浄)などに関わったとして翌27日に訴追した。同氏は逮捕後、団体の副会長を辞任した。
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David Malan via Getty Images

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米ニューヨーク・マンハッタンの金融街で毎週開かれる、インターネット上の仮想通貨「ビットコイン」の取引セッション。27日に行われたセッションでは、ビットコイン界の大物とされる人物が逮捕されたことが大きな話題となっていた。

米当局は26日、ビットコインの普及促進団体「ビットコイン・ファンデーション」のチャーリー・シュレム副会長(24)を逮捕し、マネーロンダリング(資金洗浄)などに関わったとして翌27日に訴追した。同氏は逮捕後、団体の副会長を辞任した。

シュレム氏逮捕のニュースは、ニューヨークのビットコイン支持者らを驚かせ、これまで警察や規制当局の監視を逃れてきた「闇の世界」の終焉を予感させるものだ。

当局はビットコインを使った違法活動に対する取り締まりを強化しており、同通貨のコミュニティーは厳しい監視にさらされている。

この1週間の間にはシュレム氏が逮捕され、またニューヨーク州の金融サービス局はビットコインをめぐる2日間の公聴会を開催した。現時点で1つ明らかなことは、ビットコインの利用者が、これまでの規制に縛られない行動はもう通用しないと認識しつつあるということだ。ビットコインの大きな魅力であった匿名性も、規制強化によって変化することが予想される。

ビットコインは政府や中央銀行を介さず、その価値は需要などによって変動するが、同通貨の普及促進者などは今後、警察や規制当局の要求に応じなければ訴追の対象となる可能性もある。当局は、犯罪行為が疑われる取引に対する取り締まりだけでなく、通常の銀行や金融機関と同様に、ビットコイン関係者に対してもルールを導入したい考えだ。ニューヨーク州の金融規制当局者は28日、ビットコインを扱う業者に「ビットライセンス」を与えて監督することも検討すると明らかにした。

<匿名性喪失で魅力低下も>

昨年10月には、ビットコインを使用して違法薬物などが密売されていたとされるインターネット市場「シルクロード」が摘発され、運営者のロス・ウルブリヒト容疑者(29)が訴追された。検察当局は同容疑者が麻薬取引、資金洗浄、コンピューターのハッキングに関与した疑いがあるとしている。

シュレム氏が出てきたのは、このような「過去」のビットコインの世界だ。ブルックリンのシリア系ユダヤ人コミュニティー出身の同氏は、ビットコインの取引プラットフォームなどを通じてこの世界で成功した事業家として有名になった。

しかし今後は、ビットコインの業者が通常の銀行と提携する必要が生じる可能性もあり、少なくとも顧客記録の管理や不正取引の報告など、銀行が導入しているような資金洗浄の防止対策を求められるようになるだろう。

一部の専門家は、ビットコインが利用者拡大の機会を手にする前に、同通貨の匿名性が大きく失われれば、その魅力も低下する可能性があると指摘。トルーマン国家安全保障プロジェクトのマシュー・ローズ氏は、ビットコインの価格は投機筋や不明確な法規制によって変動するとし、「取引通貨としてのビットコインの可能性はまだ分からない」との考えを示した。

一方、ビットコイン推進者からは、同通貨をめぐる状況が変化しても、決済のスピードや中央銀行から自由であることなど、魅力は十分にあるとする声も聞かれる。

ビットコイン取引を通じて成功した人の中には、同通貨が成長を続けるには政府や銀行との協調は避けられないとする見方もある。ビットコインの取引プラットフォーム、コインベースの共同創業者であるフレッド・エアサム氏は、早期から規制当局とは対立しない方針を取ったとしている。同社はシリコンバレー屈指のコンプライアンス専門家を雇用。ネット決済サービス「ペイパル」の最高コンプライアンス責任者を引き抜いたほか、シリコンバレーで経験を積んだ弁護士を雇うなどしている。

ビットコインを扱う事業に投資するベンチャーキャピタリストのジェレミー・リウ氏は、ニューヨーク州金融サービス局の公聴会で、「過去数年間で、ビットコインに関心を持つ人のタイプが変化してきた」と証言。当初のビットコイン利用者は、犯罪に関わっていたり、政府に反対意見を持っていたりする人が多かったとし、ビットコイン・ビジネスにとって望ましいタイプではなかったと指摘。その上で、「ビットコインのコミュニティーは、合法性の高い取引に向かいつつある」との考えを示した。

[ニューヨーク 30日 ロイター]

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