複雑な文を理解する「スーパードッグ」(動画)

9歳のボーダーコリーであるチェイサーは、1000語を超える単語を理解する犬として有名だ(以下の動画)。

9歳のボーダーコリーであるチェイサーは、1000語を超える単語を理解する犬として有名だ(以下の動画)。

そして彼女は今回、単語だけでなく文章も理解できるようになった。しかも、「棒、取ってこい」や「ボール、蹴って」のような2語文だけでなく、前置詞句や動詞、直接目的語などを含んだ文も理解できるという。

「チェイサーは、さまざまな種類の単語についての大量の学習をもとに、文の解釈の仕方を直観的に身につけた」と、米サウスカロライナ州にあるウォフォード大学元教授であり、チェイサーの飼い主でもあるジョン・ピリー博士は、「ScienceNews」の記事で述べている

チェイサーの能力についての最新研究を論文にしたピリー博士は、チェイサーに、名前によって物体を認識する方法だけでなく、命令文に含まれる動詞や前置詞についても教えた。同博士は「報酬と遊び」によってチェイサーの学習を強化したという。

この研究論文は、オンライン版の米心理学ジャーナル『Learning and Motivation』(学習と動機付け)に、2013年5月13日付けで発表されている。ピレー博士は論文の要旨で、チェイサーの言語理解のテストは、実験用の特別な物体だけでなく、複数の身近な物体を用いて行われたと述べている。チェイサーはさらに、目標の物体が見えない位置で命令を受けるという条件でもテストを受けた。

ピリー博士はYouTubeチャンネルでチェイサーの言語学習の様子を公開しているが、以下の動画はチェイサーがどのようにしてさまざまな品詞を含む文を理解するかを示している。

この動画では、チェイサーのおもちゃが2つ、それぞれ部屋の両側に向き合うように置かれている(ヒョウのおもちゃとインコのおもちゃで、それぞれ「レパード」と「リングネック」と名付けられていた)。「レパードへ、リングネックを運んで」と命じられたチェイサーは、その指示通りに「リングネック」を拾い上げ、「レパード」のそばに置いている。

カナダにあるブリティッシュコロンビア大学の心理学教授であり、犬の知能について研究しているスタンレー・コレン博士は、「おもちゃ、引っ張って」や「ボール、取って来て」などの単純な2語文を犬が理解するという事例は以前にも報告されている、と米ハフィントンポストに述べた。

「大まかに言って、平均的な犬の知能は人間の2歳児に相当する。そして、『スーパードッグ』はおそらく2歳半の人間に相当するだろう」とコレン博士は述べている

コレン博士によると、「スーパードッグ」とは、犬のなかで上位20%に入る知能を持つ種を指す。ボーダーコリーは最も知能が高いとされ、その次にプードル、ジャーマンシェパードが続く。

どんな種であれ、犬を教育するには、言葉をシンプルにし、常に一貫性を持たせて繰り返すことが重要だとコレン博士は述べた。

[Jacqueline Howard(English) 日本語版:丸山佳伸/ガリレオ]

関連記事

Puppies
(01 of35)
Open Image Modal
A three-day-old Labradoodle puppy is shown to the press at the Uri Bekman\'s \'World of Dogs\' kennel in Pardesia, 30 kms north of Tel Aviv 07 December 2005. (YOAV LEMMER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(02 of35)
Open Image Modal
Seven Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies from a litter of 17 look out of their box in Nauen, 50 kilometers outside Berlin on Monday, Dec. 20, 2010. On Sept 28, and 29, the 4 years old Ridgeback Etana had 17 puppies. All of them survived. (AP Photo/Markus Schreiber) (credit:AP)
(03 of35)
Open Image Modal
Golden Retriever puppies with their handlers as the American Kennel Club officials announce their annual list of the most popular dog breeds in the U.S January 27, 2010 in New York. (DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(04 of35)
Open Image Modal
A seven-week old Border Collie puppy rests after a play with its siblings in their garden as outdoors temperatures dropped below minus 10 degrees celsius in the village of Bodice on December 16, 2010. (JOE KLAMAR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(05 of35)
Open Image Modal
NEW YORK, NY - JANUARY 30: Gibbs, a Golden Retriever puppy poses for pictures as the American Kennel Club Announces Most Popular Dogs in the U.S. on January 30, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Gary Gershoff/Getty Images for the American Kennel Club) (credit:Getty Images)
(06 of35)
Open Image Modal
A view of a puppy at the North Shore Animal League America\'s Tour For Life Pet Adoption Event on April 26, 2012 in New York, United States. (Photo by Cindy Ord/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(07 of35)
Open Image Modal
A Samoyed puppy waits with its owner in a park as Beijing enjoys a pollution free spring day on April 18, 2013. The breed which is originally from Siberia were used to herd reindeer and pull sleds and were able to survive the harsh winters with their thick coats. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (credit:Getty Images)
(08 of35)
Open Image Modal
Two Beagle puppies play as the American Kennel Club officials announce their annual list of the most popular dog breeds in the U.S January 27, 2010 in New York. (DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(09 of35)
Open Image Modal
Puppies watch on at a police dog training base September 16, 2005 in Beijing, China. The dogs are trained by a police squad to learn identifying, catching, tracking and other skills. According to the Ministry of Public Security, there is an estimate of over 10,000 working police dogs in China. These dogs are divided into 30 kinds according to international conventions and are widely used in police work, rescue and military missions. (Photo by China Photos/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(10 of35)
Open Image Modal
A view of a puppy at the North Shore Animal League America\'s Tour For Life Pet Adoption Event on April 26, 2012 in New York, United States. (Photo by Cindy Ord/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(11 of35)
Open Image Modal
A view of a puppy at the North Shore Animal League America\'s Tour For Life Pet Adoption Event on April 26, 2012 in New York, United States. (Photo by Cindy Ord/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(12 of35)
Open Image Modal
NEW YORK, NY - JANUARY 30: Dominique, a Bulldog puppy poses for pictures as the American Kennel Club Announces Most Popular Dogs in the U.S. on January 30, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Gary Gershoff/Getty Images for the American Kennel Club) (credit:Getty Images)
(13 of35)
Open Image Modal
A wolf plays with a one-month-old puppy in its enclosure of Berlin\'s Zoo on May 31, 2013 in Berlin. AFP PHOTO / JOHANNES EISELE (credit:Getty Images)
(14 of35)
Open Image Modal
Puppies just born by a sniffer dog sleep at a police dog training base September 16, 2005 in Beijing, China. The dogs are trained by a police squad to learn identifying, catching, tracking and other skills. According to the Ministry of Public Security, there is an estimate of over 10,000 working police dogs in China. These dogs are divided into 30 kinds according to international conventions and are widely used in police work, rescue and military missions. (Photo by China Photos/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(15 of35)
Open Image Modal
A Mastiff puppy rests during the XVIIIth International Dog exhibition on November 8, 2009 in Prague. (MICHAL CIZEK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(16 of35)
Open Image Modal
Three-day-old Labradoodle puppies nap at the Uri Bekman\'s \'World of Dogs\' kennel in Pardesia, 30 kms north of Tel Aviv 07 December 2005. (YOAV LEMMER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(17 of35)
Open Image Modal
A seven week old Daschund cross puppy waits to be re-homed at the Cheshire Dogs Home on January 4, 2010 in Warrington, England. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(18 of35)
Open Image Modal
Three-year-old Galia suckles her first litter of six puppies on June 4, 2009 at the Barry Foundation Great St. Bernard breeding kennels in Martigny, Western Switzerland. (FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(19 of35)
Open Image Modal
Two-week-old puppies play on June 4, 2009 at the Barry Foundation Great St. Bernard breeding kennels in Martigny, Western Switzerland. (FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(20 of35)
Open Image Modal
Two-week-old Saint Bernard puppies play at the Barry Foundation breeding kennels in Martigny on June 4, 2009. The Saint Bernard dog was once the ubiquitous companion of monks at the monastery tucked 2,500m above sea level, guiding them through the Alps or helping them to rescue stranded or lost travellers in the snowy mountains. However, there are no longer any such dogs living permanently at the monastery these days. In fact, the monks decided five years ago to part ways with their pedigree breeding programme, as the work became too much for the four monks living permanently at the monastery to handle. The breeding kennels faced the risk of being shut permanently if not for a group of Swiss bankers and animal-lovers who set up the Barry Foundation to buy the breeding programme. (FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(21 of35)
Open Image Modal
Two puppies play as American Kennel Club officials announce their annual list of the most popular dog breeds in the U.S January 27, 2010 in New York. (DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(22 of35)
Open Image Modal
A volunteer holds up a puppy that was born after its mother has been rescued from a truck, in an animal hospital in Beijing, China, Tuesday, April 19, 2011. Chinese animal lovers mobilized by online calls for help blockaded a truck of hundreds of dogs being shipped off for food in a rare, permitted display of social action amid a broad crackdown on most kinds of activism. (AP Photo) (credit:AP)
(23 of35)
Open Image Modal
Nine Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies from a litter of 17 look out of their box in Nauen, 50 kilometers outside Berlin on Monday, Dec. 20, 2010. On Sept 28, and 29, 4 year old Ridgeback Etana had 17 puppies. All of them survived. (AP Photo/Markus Schreiber) (credit:AP)
(24 of35)
Open Image Modal
A puppy is transported in a child\'s push chair, on a snowy street downtown Bucharest, Romania, Friday, Dec. 17, 2010. (AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda) (credit:AP)
(25 of35)
Open Image Modal
A seven week old Border Collie puppy rests after frolicking with its sibblings in their garden as outdoors temperatures dropped below minus 10 degrees celsius in the village of Bodice on December 16, 2010. (JOE KLAMAR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(26 of35)
Open Image Modal
Six-month old Chihuahua puppies, Ellie, left, and Gulliver, right, nuzzle together at the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, in Methuen, Mass. Wednesday, June 15, 2011. The already adopted puppies, born without front legs, were fitted with wheels made by Eddie\'s Wheels of Shelburne, Mass. and are training to walk and run with them. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola) (credit:AP)
(27 of35)
Open Image Modal
Puppies run at a playground in the K9 school and hospital of the Middle East Kennel Cub at Nahr al-Kalb area, north of Beirut, on October 27, 2010. The Club, which is the largest in the Middle East, has more than 400 dogs and clients bring their pets to be trained, bred and hospitalized. (JOSEPH EID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(28 of35)
Open Image Modal
In this handout image provided by Pucchin Dog\'s, \'Love-Kun\', a 3-day old chihuahua puppy with heart-shaped markings is presented to the media with his brothers at Pucchin Dog\'s on August 6, 2009 in Odate, Akita prefecture, Japan. The new puppy is the brother of 2-year old chihuahua \'Heart-Kun\' who was also born with a perfect heart-shaped marking on his back from the same parents. (Photo by Pucchin Dog\'s via Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(29 of35)
Open Image Modal
This photo provided by the Chicago Zoological Society shows 10 African wild dog puppies, six males and four females, huddling with their mother, Kim, at Brookfield Zoo in Broofield, Ill. (AP Photo/Chicago Zoological Society, Jim Schulz) (credit:AP)
(30 of35)
Open Image Modal
In this Thursday, May 19, 2011, photo, Bonnie, a basset hound, nurses her puppies at an animal rescue facility in South Knox County, Tenn. Bonnie and Clyde, the father of her puppies, are being cared for by At Risk Intervention animal rescue, after being saved from flood waters in Arkansas. (AP Photo/The Knoxville News Sentinel, Paul Efird) (credit:AP)
(31 of35)
Open Image Modal
Two adopted stray dogs play at an animal shelter on December 15, 2006 in the outskirts of Xian of Shaanxi Province, China. The animal shelter, established by Chinese animal lover Dai Shuqing, is located at an abandoned warehouse which houses some 100 dogs and costs over 2,000 yuan (about US $255) per month. (Photo by China Photos/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(32 of35)
Open Image Modal
Susan Thomson holds a three-week-old Chihuahua puppy named Tom Thumb on April 7, 2009 in Renton, Scotland. An unofficial measurement taken by the owner makes Tom Thumb approximately 6 inches long. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(33 of35)
Open Image Modal
A dog suckles her puppies on February 16, 2009 at Halikisla village of Kars, eastern Turkey near the border with Armenia. (MUSTAFA OZER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(34 of35)
Open Image Modal
A six month old Weimaraner puppy guards his master during Slovakia\'s national canine all breeds competition in Banska Bystrica on 6 May 2007. (JOE KLAMAR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)
(35 of35)
Open Image Modal
Portuguese Podengo puppies are displayed for the media during the launch of the Crufts Dog Show Febuary 24, 2004 in London, England. (Photo by Scott Barbour/Getty Images) (credit:Getty)