そのときフィリピンでは
COP21パリ会議。世界中が注目した国際会議はパリ協定に合意し幕を閉じました。多くのメディアや気候変動の研究家・活動家がパリに注目している頃、私は同じ気候変動というテーマに関わりながらフィリピンに向かっていました。フィリピンといえば、2013年のCOP19ワルシャワ会議でのフィリピン代表団サノ氏のスピーチ(注1)がとても印象的でしたが、皆さんは覚えていらっしゃるでしょうか 。
2013年11月、スーパー台風と呼ばれる非常に勢力の強い台風ハイアンがフィリピンに上陸。フィリピンではハイアンにより6000人を越える方が亡くなりました。台風が襲来したちょうどその頃COP19が開催されており、フィリピン代表団のサノ氏は「気候変動による狂気をとめよう」と呼びかけました。
それから２年...
- 現在のフィリピンは台風被害から回復しているのだろうか？
- 気候変動による狂気は止めることができているのだろうか？
そういった疑問を持ちながら、台風ハイアンによる被害が最も大きかったレイテ島タクロバン市周辺の農村を訪れました。
台風ハイアンにより、多くの方が生計手段や家を失いました。例えば、ココナツ収穫はフィリピンの重要な生計手段の一つですが、強風の影響でココヤシが壊滅。現地団体東ビサヤ地域農村補助プログラム（EVRAP)の調査によるとハイアンの影響を受けた地域の90％近くのココナツが被害を受けています。
訪れた村では、２年経った今でもココヤシの生産力は戻らず、収穫は減ったまま、もしくはゼロと言います。
また、台風により約100万戸以上がダメージを受けました (注2)。フィリピン政府は住宅を失った人々のために公営住宅建設を急いでいますが、タクロバン市で計画されている１万３千戸のうち、2015年9月時点で300戸程の公営住宅の建設しか終了していません(注3)。一部の人々は未だに緊急支援物資として供給されたブルーシートに覆われた住まいで居住しています。
気候変動が広げる格差
気候変動によって海水温度が上昇すると台風の威力が増す(注4)とされています。異常気象による災害が原因で難民の発生率が高まる事 (注5)や、食糧安全保障への影響等、多岐に及ぶ被害が報告されています。
近年の国際気候変動交渉では、気候変動への適応の限界を超え【損失と被害（ロス&ダメージ）】が世界各地で起きていることが認識され、そういった被害にどの様に対応するか、支援していくかが課題となっています。
歴史的に見れば、所謂先進国が化石燃料を縦横無尽に消費して発展を遂げて来た事が、今の気候変動問題の原因となっていると言っても過言ではありません。ですが、フィリピンなどの途上国や、赤道に近い国々がより気候変動の影響を受けているという非対称性が存在します。
災害対策のインフラが未整備もしくは不十分であるために、災害に脆弱で異常気象に対処する能力が限られた途上国では、先進国との貧富の差、そして国内の貧困の連鎖がさらに広がっていきます。こういった観点から、気候の公平性、Climate Justiceを訴えていく必要があるのです。
パリ協定は気候と人々の生活を守れるのか？
パリ協定が合意され、COP21パリ会議は閉幕しました。気温上昇を２℃未満におさえる目標と共に1.5℃未満を追求していくということも併記されました。
一方で、フィリピンでは台風ハイアンの影響からの回復もままならない状況がありました。それだけでなく、近年カテゴリー4や５に分類される強い台風が何度も襲来しており、復興が遅れています(注6)。2015年12月にも台風メーローが上陸し、多くの被害を残しました。
2015年に採択されたSDGs(持続可能な開発目標)では繰り返し"no one will be left behind"、つまり誰も取り残さないでやっていくのだという事が強調されました。
公正な気候変動対策を行っていくためには、どのような被害があり、そしてどのような支援が適切なのか考える必要があります。フィリピン政府は高潮対策の為にタクロバン−パロ−タナウアンを結ぶ27kmに及ぶ巨大な堤防建設を推進しています(注7)が、現地のNGOや住民らは、依然として生活再建に苦しんでいる被災住民を立ち退かせるような巨大堤防の前に、生計手段回復のための支援を優先するよう求めています。
気候変動の議論は、気温上昇や温室効果ガスの排出量などが注目されがちで、各地でおこっている気候変動の被害にどう対処するかといった議論はまだまだこれから深めなくてはいけません。
フィリピン台風による被災者支援のための募金を行っています（締切2016/2/18）
ご協力お願いします！
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▼イベント概要
タイトル：『COP21報告会 Climate Justice Now!パリ合意は気候と人々の生活を守る事ができるか？』
日時：2016年2月18日（木）
場所：地球環境パートナーシッププラザ セミナースペース（アクセス）
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気候変動・エネルギーチーム
深草亜悠美
【参照】
1."「この気候変動は狂気だ」フィリピン政府代表がCOP19で涙の演説" 2013年11月12日、ハフィントンポスト、https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2013/11/11/cop19-philippines_n_4256950.html
2.National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, "Updates re the Effects of Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan)", 2014年4月17日
3.タクロバン市, "Tacloban City Housing Updates As of 18 September 2015"、 http://tacloban.gov.ph/shelter/
4.IPCC, 第五次報告、Chapter 14 "Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change" p1220
5.UNHCR, The Environment and Climate Change, 2015. P5
6.Chris Dolce, "2015 Sets a New Record for Category 4 and 5 Hurricanes and Typhoons", 2015年10月18日、https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/record-most-category-4-or-5-hurricanes-typhoons
7."P7.9-billion embankment to be built in Tacloban, nearby areas", Philipino Star News, 2015年9月5日
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台風30号 フィリピンで甚大な被害
Relief Efforts Continue After Typhoon Haiyan's Destruction(01 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 12: A child sits on board a C130 aircraft during the evacuation of hundreds of survivors of Typhoon Haiyan on November 12, 2013 in Tacloban, Philippines. Four days after the typhoon devastated the region many have nothing left, they are without food or power and most lost their homes. Around 10,000 people are feared dead in the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines this year. (Photo by Paula Bronstein/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Relief Effort Continues In The Philippines After Typhoon Haiyan Devastation(02 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 12: Children pack a motorbike\'s sidecar as they travel along a street in an area devastated by Typhoon Haiyan on November 12, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Four days after the Typhoon Haiyan devastated the region many have nothing left, they are without food or power and most lost their homes. Around 10,000 people are feared dead in the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines this year. (Photo by Dondi Tawatao/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(03 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 13: Residents walk past scenes of devastation in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan on November 13, 2013 in Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan, packing maximum sustained winds of 195 mph (315 kph), slammed into the southern Philippines and left a trail of destruction in multiple provinces, forcing hundreds of thousands to evacuate and making travel by air and land to hard-hit provinces difficult. Around 10,000 people are feared dead in the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines this year. (Photo by Kevin Frayer/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(04 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 13: An entire neighbourhood is destroyed in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan on November 13, 2013 in Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan, packing maximum sustained winds of 195 mph (315 kph), slammed into the southern Philippines and left a trail of destruction in multiple provinces, forcing hundreds of thousands to evacuate and making travel by air and land to hard-hit provinces difficult. Around 10,000 people are feared dead in the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines this year. (Photo by Kevin Frayer/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(05 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 13: A woman washes amid scenes of devastation in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan on November 13, 2013 in Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan, packing maximum sustained winds of 195 mph (315 kph), slammed into the southern Philippines and left a trail of destruction in multiple provinces, forcing hundreds of thousands to evacuate and making travel by air and land to hard-hit provinces difficult. Around 10,000 people are feared dead in the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines this year. (Photo by Kevin Frayer/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(06 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: A young girl wades through water during a rain storm in Tacloban Airport on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(07 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: An aerial view of a boat washed up ashore on the demolished coastal town of Eastern Samar Island on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(08 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: People wait to board a rescue flight in Tacloban Airport on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(09 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: An aerial view of a demolished coastal town on Eastern Samar Island on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(10 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: An aerial view of a demolished house on an island near Eastern Samar Island on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Relief Effort Continues In The Philippines After Typhoon Haiyan Devastation(11 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: Affected residents survey the damage in Tacloban City on November 14, 2013 in Tacloban, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as on of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dondi Tawatao/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(12 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: A dog lies on a board next to US AID relief aid on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Humanitarian Efforts Continue Following Devastating Super Typhoon(13 of27)
LEYTE, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: A woman makes her way through the rubble at Tacloban Airport on November 14, 2013 in Leyte, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as one of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon, however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Relief Effort Continues In The Philippines After Typhoon Haiyan Devastation(14 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: Survivors walk along a devastated area in Tacloban City on November 14, 2013 in Tacloban, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as on of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dondi Tawatao/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Relief Effort Continues In The Philippines After Typhoon Haiyan Devastation(15 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: Bodies of victims lie in a water hole in a coastal area in Tacloban City on November 14, 2013 in Tacloban, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as on of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dondi Tawatao/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Relief Effort Continues In The Philippines After Typhoon Haiyan Devastation(16 of27)
TACLOBAN, PHILIPPINES - NOVEMBER 14: A man looks at the damage inside a church in Tacloban City on November 14, 2013 in Tacloban, Philippines. Typhoon Haiyan which ripped through Philippines over the weekend has been described as on of the most powerful typhoons ever to hit land, leaving thousands dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. Countries all over the world have pledged relief aid to help support those affected by the typhoon however damage to the airport and roads have made moving the aid into the most affected areas very difficult. With dead bodies left out in the open air and very limited food, water and shelter, health concerns are growing. (Photo by Dondi Tawatao/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
PHILIPPINES TYPHOON HAIYAN(17 of27)
epa03943408 A picture made available by the Office of the Mayor of Coron, Palawan shows aerial views of damaged buildings in Bantayan island of northern Cebu, Philippines, 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/OFFICE OF THE MAYOR OF CORON / HANDOUT HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES (credit:EPA時事)
比台風／立ち尽くす男性(18 of27)
2013年11月10日、フィリピン・レイテ島の中心都市タクロバンの台風被災地で、子供を抱きながら救援物資の到着を待つ男性。 (credit:EPA時事)
比台風／タクロバンの被災者(19 of27)
2013年11月10日、がれきに囲まれた中で水浴びしたり、洗濯したりする被災者（フィリピン・レイテ島のタクロバン） (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN(20 of27)
epa03943392 A Filipino man searches for belongings washed ashore in the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/DENNIS M. SABANGAN (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN(21 of27)
epa03943379 Filipino children pull sacks of goods they recovered from abandoned stores as they go past the rubble of houses in the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/DENNIS M. SABANGAN (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN(22 of27)
epa03943390 A Filipino woman holds his umbrella stands on debris of houses in the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/DENNIS M. SABANGAN (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN AFTERMATH(23 of27)
epa03943439 Filipinos carrying food supplies walk around ships washed ashore in the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines, 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November flattening homes toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138 according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said the toll could reach 10 000 in one city alone. EPA/FRANCIS R. MALASIG (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN AFTERMATH(24 of27)
epa03943450 A Filipino stands on a damaged house next to a ship washed ashore in the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines, 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November flattening homes toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138 according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said the toll could reach 10 000 in one city alone. EPA/FRANCIS R. MALASIG (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN(25 of27)
epa03943376 Filipino children carry their belongings during a heavy downpour walk past rubble of housesin the super typhoon devastated city of Tacloban, Leyte province, Philippines 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/DENNIS M. SABANGAN (credit:EPA時事)
PHILIPPINES SUPER TYPHOON HAIYAN(26 of27)
epa03943378 Filipino villagers salvaged their belongings during a downpour in damaged houses in the super typhoon devastated city ofTacloban, Leyte province, Philippines 10 November 2013. Typhoon Haiyan tore through the eastern and central Philippines beginning 08 November, flattening homes, toppling power lines and knocking out communications. Fierce winds ripped roofs off buildings as raging floodwaters swept debris and left vehicles piled on top of each other on the battered streets. The official death toll was 138, according to the national disaster relief agency. But official said, the toll could reach 10,000 in one city alone. EPA/DENNIS M. SABANGAN (credit:EPA時事)
フィリピンの台風(27 of27)
2013年11月8日、台風30号が直撃したフィリピンの中部レガスピの岸壁近くを歩く住民。 (credit:AFP時事)