リー・クアンユーがシンガポールに残した遺産

LKYの遺産は何かと聞かれれば、ほとんど何もないところから本当に意味あるものを作り出す方法を編み出した、教科書的な事例だと答える。
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A picture of Singapore's founding father, Lee Kuan Yew is displayed at the Singaporean embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Lee Kuan Yew, who founded modern Singapore and was both feared for his authoritarian tactics and admired for turning the city-state into one of the world's richest nations, died Monday, the Singapore government said. He was 91. (AP Photo/Joshua Paul)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

私のように、過去15年間にシンガポールに住んだことがある人なら誰でも、効率的で、安全で、それに何事もうまくいっているシンガポールにいかに慣れ切ってしまうか、お分かりになるだろう。道路、地下鉄、空港、歩行者の動き、モール、そして現在進んでいる建設プロジェクトを問わず、すべてが信じられないほど優雅に、問題なく機能しているように見える。だからシンガポールは世界中の羨望の的となっている。その大きな理由は、シンガポール政府が効果的に国を運営しているからであり、現在のシンガポールを創設した、リー・クアン・ユー(LKY)の遺産に負うところが大きい。

LKYが1990年に首相を辞任した後、彼が作り上げ、育てた民主主義のかたちを、あなたなら何と言うだろうか。その最終形は、東南アジアで比類のない経済の奇跡だ。それはこの数十年、国の規模をはるかに上回る形で進行した。奇跡を可能にしたのは、いくつか理由がある。シンガポールには常に地域や世界の経済の実情に適応する能力がある。その能力とは国力を増強する、外国人にシンガポールでの生活や仕事を奨励する、さらに独自の方法でグローバルな舞台で外交的プレゼンスを維持して自らが「プレーヤー」となる、といったことだ。

LKYが1959年に首相に就任したとき、シンガポールの人口は200万人に満たなかった。現在では600万人に近づいている。その多くは外国人で、シンガポールが東南アジアの金融・技術大国になる一助となった。シンガポールの信じられないほどの成長を達成するために不可欠だった重労働の多くも、彼らが生み出してきた。 1960年のシンガポールのGDPは10億ドル(約1192億円)未満だった。2014年には、3000億ドル(約35兆7000億円)に近づくほどになった。 1960年に、一人あたりGDPは427ドル(約5万円)だった。 2013年には、一人あたり5万5000ドル(655万円)を超えた。どう見ても、これは驚異的なサクセスストーリーだ。

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1959年6月5日、シンガポール総選挙に勝利した人民行動党のリー・クワンユー

多くの人が、シンガポールの政治体制を批判する。これは民主主義を装った「一党独裁」だと言う。こうした人は、言論の自由の制限、政府や政府職員への批判に対する厳しい罰則、マレー系やインド系少数民族に対する潜在的そして露骨な差別、そして「乳母国家」と形容される、過度に父権主義的な性質を指摘する。見方によっては(シンガポール人か、駐在員か、少数民族か、海外からの外国人労働者かによって)、このうちの一部や大部分が真実に思えるだろうし、あるいは単に関係ないとか、必ずしも重要ではないと認識するだろう。この全てが、シンガポールのストーリーの一部なのだ。

しかし間違いないのは、LKYと彼の率いる人民行動党は一貫して期待に答えてきたということだ。大成功といっていい。私に言わせれば、政府の「民主主義」には小文字の「D」はあるかとか(民主主義的な視点をもった個人がいるかどうか)、政府が私の電話を盗聴しているのかどうかとか、道路の横断歩行やチューインガムを禁止する法律を作るのかどうかなんてことは、私は特に気にしない。そんな法律の多くはそもそも強制力はなく、問題ではない。

私にとって問題なのは、安全で、清潔で、効率的な場所に住めるかどうかと、職を得られるかどうかだ。この面でシンガポール政府は、A+を与えられる。シンガポールからマニラに異動した経験がある私だから言えるが、その後私は長い間シンガポールが恋しくなった。アメリカに戻って8年になる今でも、シンガポールで機能していた多くのものを、アメリカに持って来られたらいいのにと思う。私たちは、「シンガポールのやり方」から多くを学べる。

だから、 LKYの遺産は何かと聞かれれば、ほとんど何もないところから本当に意味あるものを作り出す方法を編み出した、教科書的な事例だと答える。小さな島国を、経済の巨人に作り変える方法だ。問題だらけの海域で、聖域を生み出す方法。そして、生き残り、繁栄するために、絶えず進化する方法だ。

*ダニエル・ワグナーは、カントリー・リスク・ソリューションの最高経営責任者(CEO)で、書籍「Managing Country Risk」の著者。

リー・クワンユー 国葬
Malaysia Singapore Lee Kuan Yew Reaction(01 of28)
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A picture of Singapore\'s founding father, Lee Kuan Yew is displayed at the Singaporean embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Lee Kuan Yew, who founded modern Singapore and was both feared for his authoritarian tactics and admired for turning the city-state into one of the world\'s richest nations, died Monday, the Singapore government said. He was 91. (AP Photo/Joshua Paul) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(02 of28)
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A portrait of the late Lee Kuan Yew is placed among flowers in front of his coffin during a private family wake at the Istana, or Presidential Palace, Tuesday, March 24, 2015, in Singapore. Singapore mourned longtime leader Lee with raw emotion and a blanket of relentlessly positive coverage on its tightly scripted state television on Monday, mythologizing a man who was as respected as he was feared. (AP Photo/Wong Maye-E) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(03 of28)
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Pallbearers carry the coffin of Singapore\'s late leader Lee Kuan Yew at his state funeral at the University Cultural Center Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. Tens of thousands of Singaporeans undeterred by heavy rains lined a 15 kilometer (9 mile) route through the Southeast Asian city-state to witness an elaborate funeral procession Sunday for the longtime leader. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(04 of28)
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The family of the late Lee Kuan Yew arrives at the start of the state funeral at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(05 of28)
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Standing in a downpour, Singaporean soldiers salute as the coffin of Lee Kuan Yew passes during the funeral procession, Sunday, March 29, 2015, at the Padang parade grounds and City Hall in Singapore. Tens of thousands of Singaporeans undeterred by heavy rains lined a 15 kilometer (9 mile) route through the Southeast Asian city-state to witness an elaborate funeral procession Sunday for longtime leader Lee Kuan Yew, who died Monday at 91. (AP Photo/Jeanette Tan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(06 of28)
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Standing in the rain, Singaporeans watch as the coffin of Lee Kuan Yew passes during the funeral procession, Sunday, March 29, 2015, at the Padang parade grounds and City Hall in Singapore. Tens of thousands of Singaporeans undeterred by heavy rains lined a 15 kilometer (9 mile) route through the Southeast Asian city-state to witness an elaborate funeral procession Sunday for longtime leader Lee Kuan Yew, who died Monday at 91. (AP Photo/Jeanette Tan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(07 of28)
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Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, right, escorted by Singapore Minister for Environment and Water Resources Vivian Balakrishnan, arrives at the state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Indonesia President Joko Widodo, left, accompanied by his wife Iriana Joko Widodo, right, arrive at the state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(09 of28)
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Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, center, arrives for a state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015, in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Wong Maye-E) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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India\'s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, right, is welcomed by Singapore Minister of the Environment and Water Resources Vivian Balakrishnan, left, as he arrives at the state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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South Korean President Park Geun-hye, left, speaks with Israeli President Reuven Rivlin, right, as they attend a state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015, in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Wong Maye-E) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Former U.S. president Bill Clinton, right, arrives at the state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(13 of28)
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Japan\'s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, right, is welcomed by Singapore Minister of the Environment and Water Resources Vivian Balakrishnan, left, as he arrives at the state funeral for the late Lee Kuan Yew, at the University Cultural Center, Sunday, March 29, 2015 in Singapore. During a week of national mourning that began Monday after Lee\'s death at age 91, some 450,000 people queued for hours for a glimpse of Lee\'s coffin at Parliament House. A million people visited tribute sites at community centers across the island and leaders and dignitaries from more than two dozen countries attended the state funeral. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(14 of28)
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Standing in a downpour, Singaporeans embrace as they watch the carriage carrying the coffin of Lee Kuan Yew pass during the funeral procession, Sunday, March 29, 2015, at the Padang parade grounds and City Hall in Singapore. Tens of thousands of Singaporeans undeterred by heavy rains lined a 15 kilometer (9 mile) route through the Southeast Asian city-state to witness an elaborate funeral procession Sunday for longtime leader Lee Kuan Yew, who died on March 23 at 91. (AP Photo/Jeanette Tan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew(15 of28)
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A woman touches the portrait of the late Lee Kuan Yew as others light candles as a tribute to him, Friday, March 27, 2015, in Singapore. Lee, 91, died Monday at Singapore General Hospital after more than a month of battling severe pneumonia. The government declared a week of mourning for the leader who is credited with transforming the resource-poor island into a wealthy finance and trade hub with low crime and corruption in a region saddled with graft, instability and poverty. (AP Photo/Wong Maye-E) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(16 of28)
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A gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels as part of a motorcade towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(17 of28)
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Mourners wave Singapore national flags as a gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(18 of28)
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Mourners wave Singapore national flags and military personnel salute as a gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
The Funeral Of Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(19 of28)
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SINGAPORE, MARCH 29: In this handout image provided by the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) of Singapore, the casket of the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew is seen at the University Cultural Centre, National University of Singapore on March 29, 2015 in Singapore. Mr Lee Kuan Yew passed away on the morning of March 23, 2015 at Singapore General Hospital at the age of 91. Lee Kuan Yew was a Singaporean politician and the first Prime Minister of the country, governing for over 30 years and famed for his achievements in bringing a third world country to first world status in a single generation. (Photo by Ministry of Communications and Information of Singapore via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
The Funeral Of Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(20 of28)
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SINGAPORE, MARCH 29: In this handout image provided by the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) of Singapore, the casket of the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew is seen at the University Cultural Centre, National University of Singapore on March 29, 2015 in Singapore. Mr Lee Kuan Yew passed away on the morning of March 23, 2015 at Singapore General Hospital at the age of 91. Lee Kuan Yew was a Singaporean politician and the first Prime Minister of the country, governing for over 30 years and famed for his achievements in bringing a third world country to first world status in a single generation. (Photo by Ministry of Communications and Information of Singapore via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(21 of28)
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Military personnel salute as a gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(22 of28)
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Mourners wave Singapore national flags and military personnel salute as a gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Funeral of Singapore's First Elected Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(23 of28)
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Mourners wave as a gun carriage bearing the coffin of Singapore\'s first elected prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, draped in the Singapore national flag, travels towards the University Cultural Centre at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in the rain during his funeral procession in Singapore, on Sunday, March 29, 2015. Thousands lined an almost 10-mile stretch of central Singapore in driving rain as the city prepared to farewell first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, ahead of a state funeral that will draw dignitaries from around the world. Photographer: Nicky Loh/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
The Funeral Of Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(24 of28)
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SINGAPORE, MARCH 29: In this handout image provided by the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) of Singapore, the casket of the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew is seen at the University Cultural Centre, National University of Singapore on March 29, 2015 in Singapore. Mr Lee Kuan Yew passed away on the morning of March 23, 2015 at Singapore General Hospital at the age of 91. Lee Kuan Yew was a Singaporean politician and the first Prime Minister of the country, governing for over 30 years and famed for his achievements in bringing a third world country to first world status in a single generation. (Photo by Ministry of Communications and Information of Singapore via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
SINGAPORE-POLITICS-LEE-HEALTH-PEOPLE(25 of28)
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The body of Singapore\'s former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew is transferred atop a gun carriage as they leave Parliament House during a funeral procession in Singapore on March 29, 2015. Tens of thousands of mourners braved torrential rain, howitzers fired a 21-gun salute and jet fighters screamed across the sky as a grand funeral began Sunday for Singapore\'s founding leader Lee Kuan Yew. AFP PHOTO / MOHD FYROL (Photo credit should read MOHD FYROL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:MOHD FYROL via Getty Images)
The Funeral Of Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew(26 of28)
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SINGAPORE - MARCH 29: Singaporeans wait for the coffin carrying Lee Kuan Yew to pass by on March 29, 2015 in Singapore. Mr Lee Kuan Yew passed away on the morning of March 23, 2015 at Singapore General Hospital at the age of 91. Lee Kuan Yew was a Singaporean politician and the first Prime Minister of the country, governing for over 30 years and famed for his achievements in bringing a third world country to first world status in a single generation. (Photo by Ed Wray/Getty Images) (credit:Ed Wray via Getty Images)
SINGAPORE-POLITICS-LEE-HEALTH-PEOPLE(27 of28)
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A guard of honour marches outside Parliament House for the state funeral procession of Singapore\'s former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore on March 29, 2015. Tens of thousands of mourners braved torrential rain, howitzers fired a 21-gun salute and jet fighters screamed across the sky as a grand funeral began Sunday for Singapore\'s founding leader Lee Kuan Yew. AFP PHOTO / MOHD FYROL (Photo credit should read MOHD FYROL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:MOHD FYROL via Getty Images)
Singapore Lee Kuan Yew Reaction(28 of28)
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A mourner prostrates in front of a picture of Singapore\'s late founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew at the gate of the Istana, or presidential palace, Tuesday, March 24, 2015 in Singapore. Singapore mourned longtime leader Lee with raw emotion and a blanket of relentlessly positive coverage on its tightly scripted state television on Monday, mythologizing a man who was as respected as he was feared. (AP Photo/Joseph Nair) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)

このブログはハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。