"もうひとりのマララ"、「なぜ私たちを殺すの?」 米ドローンに"誤爆"された少女が訴える

「もうひとりのマララ」と呼ばれる11歳の少女がパキスタンにいる。同国北西部の部族地域北ワジリスタン地区で2012年にアメリカの無人機ドローンの攻撃を受けたナビラ・レフマンさんだ。
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Wataru Nakano

「もうひとりのマララ」と呼ばれる11歳の少女がパキスタンにいる。同国北西部でアフガニスタン国境に近い部族地域(政府支配が及ばず独自自治が認められている場所)北ワジリスタン地区で、2012年にアメリカの無人機ドローンの攻撃を受けたナビラ・レフマンさんだ。しかし、2014年にノーベル平和賞を受賞したマララ・ユスフザイさんが世界的に注目されているのに比べて、ナビラさんの声は十分には広がっていない。

ナビラさんは11月中旬、「現代イスラム研究センター」(宮田律理事長)の招きで来日、都内で開かれたシンポジウム「米国のドローン攻撃とパキスタンの部族地域の教育改善を考える」に参加した。ハフポスト日本版のインタビューとシンポジウム内容などでナビラさんを紹介する。

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パキスタンやアフガニスタンなどで攻撃をしているアメリカのドローン「プレデター」

イスラム教の祭り「イードアルアドハー(犠牲祭)」の前々日の2012年10月24日、空には青空が広がっていた。当時8歳だったナビラさんは学校から帰宅すると、自宅近くの畑で家族と一緒に祖母のモミナ・ビビさん(67)を手伝い、オクラを摘み取っていった。

この地域は、アメリカが「テロ対策」として武装勢力に向けて頻繁にドローン攻撃を繰り返している。この日も上空をドローンが「ブーン」という音を出して旋回していたのだが、だれも頭上のドローンを気にしていなかった。

「ボン、ボン」

それは突然だった。ドローンがミサイルを発射、農村の静けさが轟音で破られ、周りは土煙と火薬の臭いに包まれた。目の前にいたモミナさんは死亡し、ナビラさんも吹き飛ばされて右腕から流血した。きょうだいら9人が負傷した。

「すごく怖かった。あのときのことは忘れられません」。ナビラさんは当時を振り返る。

翌2013年10月、ナビラさんは被害を告発するパキスタンの弁護士の勧めで、教師の父ラフィーク・ウル・レフマンさん(41)と兄とともにアメリカ・ワシントンで開かれたアメリカ議会の聴聞会に出席した。ドローンの被害を証言したのだが、聴聞会でナビラさんに耳を貸したのは435人の下院議員のうち議員5人だけだった。

「私のおばあさんが一体どんな悪いことをしたのですか」。聴聞会でのナビラさんのその問い掛けに答える人はいなかった。

アメリカはこれまで、この攻撃について正当化の主張と説明をするだけで、ナビラさんの祖母を殺害したことについて謝罪をしていない。

イギリスの非営利団体「調査報道局(BIJ)」によると、パキスタンでは2004年以降、繰り返されるドローンローンによって最大3989人が殺害された。965人は民間人で、うち207人が子供だった。巻き添えや誤爆だったという。

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アメリカ議会の聴聞会で証言するナビラさん。当時の様子を描いた絵を手にした=2013年10月

■マララさんと共通点と相違点

ナビラさんがアメリカを訪れる2週間前、マララさんはアメリカのホワイトハウスでオバマ大統領に直接、面会していた。

女子教育の必要性を唱えていたマララさんは2012年10月9日、反政府武装勢力「パキスタン・タリバーン運動」(TTP)の銃撃を受けた。ナビラさんがドローン攻撃を受ける2週間前だった。マララさんもナビラさんもパシュトゥン人で、パキスタン北西部の保守的な地域で育った。2人の父はいずれも学校の教師だ。

マララさんは銃撃後、一命を取り留め欧米メディアに称賛されるようになった。現在は家族とともにイギリスで生活している。ナビラさんは「マララさんがノーベル賞を受けたことを、うれしく思います」と話した。

父レフマンさんは子供の治療費を工面するため親戚から借金を重ね、土地の一部も手放した。さらに2014年、パキスタン軍は、TTPが拠点とする北ワジリスタン地区で掃討作戦を始めた。戦火が迫ったため、ナビラさん一家は現在、国内避難民となっており、仮設の小屋に暮らしている。

ナビラさんは学校に通うことができず、親戚の子供たちと一緒にレフマンさんに勉強を教わる日々だ。「早く戦争が終わってほしい。そして、教育を受けたい。地域全体が教育を受けることを願っています」

■「日本のように平和になることを心から願っています」

ナビラさんは「私が海外でできるのは、罪のない大勢の人々が殺されていると声を上げ続けることです」と話した。

アメリカがドローンのミサイルに多額の資金を投じていることについて、「ドローンが私の教育を妨げている。なぜ戦争をするの? なぜ私たちを殺すの? どうしてたくさんのお金を戦争に使うのに、教育に使わないのでしょうか。武力ではなく教育によって平和を実現してほしい」と訴えた。

初めて訪れた日本については「高層ビルがたくさん建っていて、とてもきれいな国。私は、自分の町が日本のように平和になることを心から願っています」と話すナビラさん。将来については「困っている子供たちを助けるために、大学に行って弁護士になるのが夢です」と語った。

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