北朝鮮と韓国、高官会談はなぜこんなに長引いたのか 5つの理由

会談はなぜ、異例の長時間にわたったのか。
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In this photo provided by the South Korean Unification Ministry, South Korean presidential security adviser Kim Kwan-jin, right, shakes hands with Hwang Pyong So, North Korea's top political officer for the Korean People's Army, after their meeting at the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Tuesday, Aug. 25, 2015. After 40-plus-hours of talks, North and South Korea on Tuesday pulled back from the brink with an accord that allows both sides to save face and, for the moment, avert the bloodshed they've been threatening each other with for weeks. (The South Korean Unification Ministry via AP)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

8月20日の軍事境界線付近での砲撃戦で緊張が高まっていた韓国と北朝鮮は25日、高官会談で合意に達した。さらなる軍事衝突はひとまず回避された。

会談は22日午後6時30分から始まり、断続的に中断をはさんで25日午前0時55分に終了した。会談はなぜ、異例の長時間にわたったのか。

1. 出発点が違った

韓国と北朝鮮は現状認識が異なる。韓国は8月4日の、非武装地帯(DMZ)での地雷爆発を北朝鮮軍の仕業と断定したが、北朝鮮はこれを否定していた。

また、北朝鮮は8月20日の砲撃も認めていなかった。韓国の基本的な立場は「地雷爆発と砲撃を認めて謝罪せよ」だった。しかし、対立が発生した原因の認識自体が違い、会談は当初から難航した。

2. 準備不足だった

北朝鮮は準戦時状態を宣言し、韓国はすでに米韓合同軍事演習(乙支フリーダム・ガーディアン)を始めていた。南北の緊張が高まり、北朝鮮は22日午後5時までに北朝鮮向け宣伝放送を中断するよう最後通告した。南北高官会談の実施が発表されたのは、通告の期限を数時間後に控えた状況だった。

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24日、韓国の軍事境界線に近い坡州(パジュ)市を警戒する韓国軍

3. 軍事的緊張は続いた

会談進行中も軍事対立は続いた。韓国軍当局は22日、北朝鮮軍の潜水艦約50隻が基地を出航し、最前線で射撃準備態勢を整えた北朝鮮軍の砲兵戦力が倍増したと明らかにした。会談で韓国を圧迫するためと推測される。

会談直前の22日、米韓連合空軍も軍事力を誇示するためデモ飛行をした。聯合ニュースによると、合同参謀本部関係者は「韓国の安全保障を脅かすどんな挑発行為も容認しないという、米韓同盟の断固たる意志を示すデモンストレーション」と述べ、「北朝鮮が十分に脅威と認識できる経路で飛行した」と明らかにした。

4. 議題が多かった

南北は23日の会談中断後、「最近の事態の解決策と、今後の南北関係の発展方法について幅広く協議した」と明らかにした。地雷爆発、砲撃だけでなく、金剛山観光の再開や離散家族の再会などにも議題が拡大する可能性を示唆した。

韓国政府関係者は「南北首脳会談」を除くほとんどの懸案が議題に上ったと話した。安全保障筋の関係者は「今回の会談で、あらゆる問題がすべて話し合われたと聞いている」と語った。

北朝鮮は地雷爆発、砲撃のほか「離散家族再会事業の再開」を取り上げたという。韓国の朴槿恵大統領は、2014年に続いて2015年の光復節の演説でも、これに関する提案をしている。

朝鮮日報より 2015/08/24 03:00)

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5. 権限がなかった

韓国側は金寛鎮(キム・グァンジン)大統領府国家安保室長と洪容杓(ホン・ヨンピョ)統一相、北朝鮮側は黄炳瑞(ファン・ビョンソ)朝鮮人民軍総政治局長と金養建(キム・ヤンゴン)統一戦線部長がハイレベルの会談を続けた。しかし、当然だが最終決定は、朴槿恵大統領と金正恩第1書記が下す。

韓国の情報機関・国家情報院に26年勤務し、400回以上の南北当局者会談に関わったユ・ソンオク国家安保戦略研究院長は、朝鮮日報の取材に対し、以下のように内幕を話している。

会談場に座った南北の代表は、裁量権を持っていない。平壌やソウルで訓令(指針)を受けてから来る。小さな合意も、上層部の裁可なしにはできない。会談の場面は、ソウルと平壌の政権中枢にテレビ中継されている。これをモニターしながら、その時々で指示が与えられる。

――今回の高官会談も、朴槿恵大統領と金正恩第1書記が、すべてリアルタイムで見ているということか?

もちろん。公開されていないが、韓国は大統領府、国家情報院、統一部の担当部署が、そして北朝鮮は、金正恩氏と朝鮮労働党総政治局、統一戦線部がウォッチしている。このような場合、会談出席者は、あらかじめ決められた方針と違う発言ができない。実際、南北関係がこじれた場合ほど、裏方の当局者間の対話ルートが必要なのだ。

朝鮮日報より 2015/08/24 03:00)

この記事はハフポスト韓国版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。

韓国と北朝鮮、高まる緊張(2015年8月21日~)
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South Korean army soldiers adjust a barricade set up on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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A South Korean family member gets off a truck as they arrive to enter a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. The two Koreas prepared for a possible military clash Saturday as the North\'s deadline loomed for Seoul to dismantle loudspeakers broadcasting anti-North Korean propaganda across their border. North Korea has declared its frontline troops are in full war readiness and prepared to go to battle if Seoul doesn\'t back down. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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South Korean army soldiers check the identification of a motorist at the checkpoint on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The banner at right reads: \"No entry, vehicles disapproved.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(30 of64)
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South Korean army soldiers adjust barricades set up on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The barricade reads: \"Vehicles disapproved.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(31 of64)
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A South Korean army soldier walks along the military wire fences on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(32 of64)
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People watch a television news program showing North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at Seoul train station in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. Kim on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The letters at the screen read: \"North Korea orders military to have full combat readiness.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Koreas Tension(33 of64)
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Under the portraits of the late North Korean leaders, Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il, North Korean Ambassador to China Ji Jae Ryong speaks during a press conference on the latest tensions with South Korea at the North Korean Embassy in Beijing, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(34 of64)
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South Korean protesters with defaced portraits of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un shout slogans during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The letters at right read: \"Explode the statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il !\" (AP Photo/Julie Yoon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
North Korea Koreas Tensions(35 of64)
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People walk past a large screen broadcasting a propaganda movie showing soldiers chanting slogans while raising their weapons in Pyongyang, North Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korea on Friday declared its frontline troops in a \"a quasi-state of war\" after the north and south accusing each other of firing at each other across the world\'s most heavily armed border. The Korean on the screen reads: \"Our supreme leader is the heart of 10 million.\" (AP Photo/Dita Alangkara) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(36 of64)
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South Korean protesters with defaced portraits of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and North Korean flags shout slogans during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(37 of64)
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A portrait of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un is burnt by South Korean protesters during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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South Korean army soldiers stand guard at Unification Bridge near the border village of Panmunom in Paju, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(39 of64)
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South Korean residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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North Korean Ambassador to Russia Kim Hyun-joon, second right, holds a news conference in the North Korean Embassy in Moscow, Russia, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, pictured top right, on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle against South Korea in response to an exchange of artillery fire on the border Thursday. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(41 of64)
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South Korean army soldiers ride on a truck in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (Park Young-tae/Newsis via AP) KOREA OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(42 of64)
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South Korean anti-war protesters stage a rally demanding peace and reunification of the Korean peninsula near the presidential house in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Julie Yoon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(43 of64)
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A South Korean protester burns a portrait of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(44 of64)
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A South Korean army soldier patrols at Unification Bridge near the border village of Panmunom in Paju, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(45 of64)
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South Korean army soldiers walk on the way to returning to their base after a patrol, in Paju, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(46 of64)
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South Korean children play as residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(47 of64)
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South Korean residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(48 of64)
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A South Korean resident watches his mobile phone to read news as people gather at a shelter in the South Korean town of Yeoncheon where the shell fell Thursday, Aug. 20, 2015. South Korea\'s military fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed a single artillery round at the border town, the South\'s Defense ministry said. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(49 of64)
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South Korean residents gather at a shelter in the South Korean town of Yeoncheon where the shell fell Thursday, Aug. 20, 2015. South Korea\'s military fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed a single artillery round at the border town, the South\'s Defense ministry said. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(50 of64)
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A South Korean army soldier aims his weapon as passengers watch an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(51 of64)
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South Korean army soldiers aim their weapons during an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(52 of64)
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A South Korean policeman participates in an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(53 of64)
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A South Korean army soldier passes by an advertising board during an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(54 of64)
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South Korean firefighters wearing protective clothing chat as they wait to attend an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(55 of64)
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A South Korean army soldier aim his weapon as employees of subway station watch an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(56 of64)
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South Korean policemen stand at the entrance to a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(57 of64)
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South Korean policemen stand at a checkpoint near a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(58 of64)
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A villager (L) smokes outside a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(59 of64)
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A truck carrying South Korean soldiers passes through the border village of Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(60 of64)
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A truck carrying South Korean soldiers passes members of the media (R) at the border village of Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(61 of64)
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Anti-North Korean protesters hold banners at a checkpoint on the Unification Bridge leading to the Kaesong Industrial complex and North Korea near Paju in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(62 of64)
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A man looks at a television screen showing an image of Kim Jong Un, leader of North Korea, during a news broadcast on North Korea\'s exchange of fire with South Korea at Seoul Station in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(63 of64)
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A member of the South Korean Army, left, and Navy, right look at a television screen showing a news broadcast on North Korea\'s exchange of fire with South Korea at Seoul Station in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(64 of64)
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A foreign currency dealer walks past a monitor displaying the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (Kospi) in a dealing room at the Korea Exchange Bank headquarters in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)