太陽系に、第5の「巨大」木星型惑星が存在していた?(研究結果)

この失われた惑星は、宇宙の深淵に消える前に海王星に衝突していたことが、新しい研究結果よって明らかになった。
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circa 1970: Neptune, fourth largest of the planets in our solar system. The atmosphere consists mostly of hydrogen and helium, but the presence of three per cent methane lends the planet its striking blue hue. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Hulton Archive via Getty Images

太陽系内に存在する4つの木星型惑星(気体で構成され、地球型惑星のような固体表面をもたない)は木星、土星、天王星そして海王星だ。彼らには、はるか昔に行方不明になった親類の惑星がいたかもしれない。新しい研究結果によれば、私たちの太陽系には、かつて5番目の木星型惑星があったようだ。この星は海王星に近い軌道に乗った後、約40億年ほど前に忽然と姿を消した。

この失われた天体に関して間接的な証拠がある。それは未知の氷の塊(クラスター)の中に見られる。これらは「カーネル」と呼ばれる天体で、 カイパー・ベルト上に存在する。カイパー・ベルトは原始惑星の破片からなり、広大な領域で太陽を中心に海王星の軌道外まで円状に取り囲んでいる。

「カイパー・ベルトは太陽系がその起源からどのように進化したのかを理解するのに最適の手がかりなのです」。コロラド州ボルドーのサウスウエスト研究所の天文学者で、論文の著者デビッド・ネスヴォルニー博士は「ニュー・サイエンティスト」誌に語った。

研究のため、ネスヴォルニー氏は海王星とカーネルのコンピューターシュミレーションを40億年前の原始太陽系に似せて構築した。当時、このクラスターは海王星の重力圏内にあったとされている。しかしその後、シュミレーションによれば何かが起こりクラスターを海王星の重量圏内から逸脱させ、クラスターと海王星を現在の位置へと移動させた。

ここで例の失われた惑星が登場する。シュミレーションの予測では、もう一つの木星型惑星が海王星にぶつかり、それによって惑星と「カーネル」が分離したとされる。

「このモデルから得られた海王星のジャンプの場所と、『カーネル』形成に必要なパターンと規模が一致しました」とネスヴォルニー氏は述べた。

またこのシュミレーションによれば、この惑星は今現在太陽系に存在する天体ではないようだ。謎の惑星は海王星との接触後、太陽系からはじき出されたのかもしれない。

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カイパーベルトのイラスト

2011年、ネスヴォルニー氏は膨大なコンピューターシュミレーションについて研究論文をまとめた。その結果から太陽系の4つの木星型惑星の現在の軌道について最も適切な説明をする方法は、「失われた5番目の木星型惑星」を考察に加えることだと述べた。

「個人的には5番目の惑星についていかなる物証を得ることも大変厳しいだろうと思っている」とネスヴォルニー氏は語った。「私はカルパー・ベルトの形成について調べ始めました。なぜなら、そこで見えた軌道の形は私のモデルのものと一致しないのではないかと不安だったからです。今では逆に一致する可能性があることに気づきました。本当に驚くべきことでした」

ネスヴォルニー氏の新しい研究について、他の科学者たちはどう考えているのだろうか?

「ネスヴォルニー氏のモデルは首尾一貫しているし、一度に複数の形式を出している点で実に素晴らしいことです」とブリティッシュコロンビア州ビクトリアにあるドミニオン天体物理天文台の天文学者ジョン・J・カヴェラーズ博士(研究には関わっていない)は「サイエンス」誌に語った。

この新しい研究はオンラインでアストロミカル・ジャーナルに2015年8月10日に掲載された。

この記事はハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。

美しい宇宙写真集
織姫と彦星(01 of52)
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中央上の明るい星がベガ(織姫)、左中央の明るい星がアルタイル(彦星)。左下のデネブと合わせた三角形が「夏の大三角」と名付けられている。 (credit:Getty Images)
こと座のベガ(02 of52)
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こと座で最も明るく、七夕の伝説では織姫(おりひめ)として知られている。 (credit:Getty Images)
わし座のアルタイル(03 of52)
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日本では七夕の伝説の「彦星(ひこぼし)」として知られている。 (credit:Getty Images)
こと座の星々(04 of52)
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右上に見える最も明るい星がベガ。日本では七夕の伝説に登場する「織姫」として知られている。 (credit:Getty Images)
Summer triangle of stars(05 of52)
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Summer triangle of stars (credit:Getty Images)
The constellations Delphinus, Vulpecula, Sagita and Aquila in the northern sky.(06 of52)
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The constellations Delphinus, Vulpecula, Sagita and Aquila in the northern sky. (credit:Getty Images)
Aquila constellation. The Milky Way running through the constellation Aquila, the eagle. North is at top. The bright star in the center is Altair (Alpha Aquilae). This star is flanked by Tarazed (Gamm(07 of52)
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Aquila constellation. The Milky Way running through the constellation Aquila, the eagle. North is at top. The bright star in the center is Altair (Alpha Aquilae). This star is flanked by Tarazed (Gamma Aquilae, above) and Alshain (Beta Aquilae, below). Alt (credit:Getty Images)
The silhouette of the space shuttle Endeavour, Feb 9, 2010(08 of52)
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The silhouette of the space shuttle Endeavour appears over Earth\'s colorful horizon in this image photographed by an Expedition 22 crew member on Feb. 9, 2010. (credit:NASA)
Flying V Galaxy(09 of52)
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\"These tidal tails are thin, elongated streams of gas, dust and stars that extend away from a galaxy into space. They occur when galaxies gravitationally interact with one another, and material is sheared from the outer edges of each body and flung out into space in opposite directions, forming two tails. They almost always appear curved, so when they are seen to be relatively straight, as in this image, it is clear that we are viewing the galaxies side-on.\" (credit:Nasa)
Stars Brewing in Cygnus X(10 of52)
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A bubbling cauldron of star birth is highlighted in this image from NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope. Infrared light that we can\'t see with our eyes has been color-coded, such that the shortest wavelengths are shown in blue and the longest in red. The middle wavelength range is green.\n\nMassive stars have blown bubbles, or cavities, in the dust and gas--a violent process that triggers both the death and birth of stars. The brightest, yellow-white regions are warm centers of star formation. The green shows tendrils of dust, and red indicates other types of dust that may be cooler, in addition to ionized gas from nearby massive stars. (credit:NASA)
Dusty Space Cloud(11 of52)
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This image shows the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy in infrared light as seen by the Herschel Space Observatory, a European Space Agency-led mission with important NASA contributions, and NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope. In the instruments\' combined data, this nearby dwarf galaxy looks like a fiery, circular explosion. Rather than fire, however, those ribbons are actually giant ripples of dust spanning tens or hundreds of light-years. Significant fields of star formation are noticeable in the center, just left of center and at right. The brightest center-left region is called 30 Doradus, or the Tarantula Nebula, for its appearance in visible light. (credit:NASA)
Dunes in Noachis Terra Region of Mars(12 of52)
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This enhanced-color image shows sand dunes trapped in an impact crater in Noachis Terra, Mars. Dunes and sand ripples of various shapes and sizes display the natural beauty created by physical processes. The area covered in the image is about six-tenths of a mile (1 kilometer) across.\n\nSand dunes are among the most widespread wind-formed features on Mars. Their distribution and shapes are affected by changes in wind direction and wind strength. Patterns of dune erosion and deposition provide insight into the sedimentary history of the surrounding terrain. (credit:NASA)
Viewing the South Pole of Vesta(13 of52)
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This image obtained by the framing camera on NASA\'s Dawn spacecraft shows the south pole of the giant asteroid Vesta.\n\nScientists are discussing whether the circular structure that covers most of this image originated by a collision with another asteroid, or by internal processes early in the asteroid\'s history. Images in higher resolution from Dawn\'s lowered orbit might help answer that question.\n\nThe image was recorded with the framing camera aboard NASA\'s Dawn spacecraft from a distance of about 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometers). The image resolution is about 260 meters per pixel.\n\n (credit:NASA)
In, Around, Beyond Rings(14 of52)
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A quartet of Saturn\'s moons, from tiny to huge, surround and are embedded within the planet\'s rings in this Cassini composition.\n\nSaturn\'s largest moon, Titan, is in the background of the image, and the moon\'s north polar hood is clearly visible. See PIA08137 to learn more about that feature on Titan (3,200 miles, or 5,150 kilometers across). Next, the wispy terrain on the trailing hemisphere of Dione (698 miles, or 1,123 kilometers across) can be seen on that moon which appears just above the rings at the center of the image. See PIA10560 and PIA06163 to learn more about Dione\'s wisps. Saturn\'s small moon Pandora (50 miles, or 81 kilometers across) orbits beyond the rings on the right of the image. Finally, Pan (17 miles, or 28 kilometers across) can be seen in the Encke Gap of the A ring on the left of the image.\n\nThe image was taken in visible blue light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Sept. 17, 2011. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 27 degrees. Image scale is 8 miles (13 kilometers) per pixel on Dione. (credit:NASA)
Active Galaxy Centaurus A(15 of52)
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Resembling looming rain clouds on a stormy day, dark lanes of dust crisscross the giant elliptical galaxy Centaurus A. \n\nHubble\'s panchromatic vision, stretching from ultraviolet through near-infrared wavelengths, reveals the vibrant glow of young, blue star clusters and a glimpse into regions normally obscured by the dust. (NASA / ESA / Hubble Heritage)
Ring of Fire(16 of52)
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This composite image shows the central region of the spiral galaxy NGC 4151. X-rays (blue) from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are combined with optical data (yellow) showing positively charged hydrogen (H II) from observations with the 1-meter Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope on La Palma. The red ring shows neutral hydrogen detected by radio observations with the NSF\'s Very Large Array. This neutral hydrogen is part of a structure near the center of NGC 4151 that has been distorted by gravitational interactions with the rest of the galaxy, and includes material falling towards the center of the galaxy. The yellow blobs around the red ellipse are regions where star formation has recently occurred. (NASA / CXC / CfA / J. Wang)
Festival of Lights(17 of52)
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WISE, NASA\'s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, has a new view of Barnard 3, or IRAS Ring G159.6-18.5, that is awash in bright green and red dust clouds. Interstellar clouds like these are stellar nurseries, where baby stars are being born. (UCLA / JPL-Caltech / NASA)\n (credit:UCLA / JPL-Caltech / NASA)
Pacman Nebula(18 of52)
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In visible light, the star-forming cloud known as NGC 281 in the constellation of Cassiopeia appears to be chomping through the cosmos, earning it the nickname the \"Pacman\" nebula after the famous Pac-Man video game of the 1980s. (credit:NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA )
Messier 78(19 of52)
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Messier 78 Nebula brings into focus a murky region of star formation. NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope exposes the depths of this dusty nebula with its infrared vision, showing stellar infants that are lost behind dark clouds when viewed in visible light. Messier 78 is easily seen in small telescopes in the constellation of Orion (credit:NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Mercury Messenger(20 of52)
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At 5:20 a.m. EDT on March 29,2011, the Messenger probe captured this historic image of Mercury. The image is the first ever obtained from a spacecraft in orbit of the solar system\'s innermost planet. (NASA) (credit:NASA)
Celestial Shamrock(21 of52)
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This image from NASA\'s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, features a region of star birth wrapped in a blanket of dust, colored green in this infrared view. Designated as LBN 149.02-00.13, this interstellar cloud is made up of a shell of ionized gas surrounding a void with an extremely hot, bright star in the middle. (UCLA / JPL-Caltech / NASA) (credit:UCLA / JPL-Caltech / NASA)
Cassini of Saturn/Titan(22 of52)
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Saturn\'s largest moon, Titan, center, is 3,200 miles in diameter. The smaller moon Enceladus, far right, just over 300 miles across, appears just below the rings. The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera at a distance of approximately 524,000 miles from Titan. (SSI / JPL / NASA) (credit:SSI / JPL / NASA)
Discovery from the ISS(23 of52)
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The space shuttle Discovery is seen from the International Space Station as the two orbital spacecraft accomplish their relative separation. During a post undocking fly-around, the crew of each vessel photographed the opposing craft. (NASA) (credit:NASA)
NGC 2841(24 of52)
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This NASA image shows what the Hubble Space Telescope revealed in a majestic disk of stars and dust lanes in the spiral galaxy NGC 2841. A bright cusp of starlight marks the galaxy\'s center. Spiraling outward are dust lanes that are silhouetted against the population of whitish middle-aged stars. Much younger blue stars trace the spiral arms. NGC 2841 lies 46 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major (The Great Bear). (Hubble Heritage / ESA / NASA) (credit:Hubble Heritage / ESA / NASA)
Tempel 1(25 of52)
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This image obtained by NASA\'s Stardust spacecraft shows Comet Tempel 1 at 11:39 p.m. EST on Feb. 14, 2011. The NASA spacecraft\'s flyby of the comet showed erosion on Tempel 1\'s surface since it skimmed by the sun in 2005 and revealed the first clear pictures of the crater made by a Deep Impact probe. (Cornell / JPL-Caltech / NASA) (credit:Cornell / JPL-Caltech / NASA)
Sun and Flares(26 of52)
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A pair of active regions on the sun were captured in extreme ultraviolet light from the Solar Dynamic Observatory spacecraft over a three-day period. The magnetic field lines above the regions produced fluttering arcs waving above them, as well as a couple of flares. Another pair of smaller active regions emerges and trails behind the larger ones. (Solar Dynamics Observatory / NASA) (credit:Solar Dynamics Observatory / NASA)
North America Nebula -- Feb 16, 2011(27 of52)
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This view of the North America nebula combines both visible and infrared light observations, taken by the Digitized Sky Survey and NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope, respectively, into a single vivid picture. The nebula is named after its resemblance to the North American continent in visible light, which in this image is represented in blue hues. Infrared light, displayed here in red and green, can penetrate deep into the dust, revealing multitudes of hidden stars and dusty clouds. (credit:NASA / JPL-CalTech)
Sun Eruptions -- Jan. 28, 2011(28 of52)
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This still caught the action in freeze-frame splendor when the sun popped off two events at once. A filament, left, became unstable and erupted, while an M-1 flare and a coronal mass ejection, right, blasted into space. Neither event was headed toward Earth. (credit:Solar Dynamics Observatory / NASA)
M51 -- obtained Jan. 19, 2011(29 of52)
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This image shows a dramatic view of the spiral galaxy M51, dubbed the Whirlpool Galaxy. Seen in near-infrared light, most of the starlight has been removed, revealing the Whirlpool\'s skeletal dust structure. This image is the sharpest view of the dense dust in M51. The narrow lanes of dust revealed by Hubble reflect the galaxy\'s moniker, the Whirlpool Galaxy, as if they were swirling toward the galaxy\'s core. (credit: Hubble Heritage Team / ESA / NASA)
Giant Supernova -- released on Jan. 14, 2011(30 of52)
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While searching the skies for black holes using NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope, astronomers discovered a giant supernova that was smothered in its own dust in this image released on Jan. 14. In this artist\'s rendering, an outer shell of gas and dust -- which erupted from the star hundreds of years ago -- obscures the supernova within. This event in a distant galaxy hints at one possible future for the brightest star system in our own Milky Way. (credit:R. Hurt, JPL-Caltech / NASA)
Mars' moons Phobos (large moon) and Deimos, released Dec. 11(31 of52)
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Mars\' two moons have been photographed in the same frame for the first time. The European Space Agency\'s Mars Express orbiter snapped this image, which was released Dec. 11, 2009. The larger moon is Phobos. The much smaller one is Deimos. (credit:ESA)
Central Milky Way Galaxy; image released on Nov. 10, 2009(32 of52)
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This is one of the most detailed images to date of the heart of the Milky Way. The galaxy\'s center is within the white spot near the right edge of the photo. NASA released the image Nov. 10 to mark the 400th anniversary of the telescope. It is a composite of images from three observatories: the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes and the Chandra X-ray Observatory. (credit:STScI / CXC / SSC / ESA / NASA)
NGC 2623, the result of a galactic collision, added Oct. 13(33 of52)
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This Hubble Space Telescope image shows an object known as both NGC 2623 and Arp 243, which was formed by a collision of two galaxies. The galaxies\' cores have merged into one; the tails streaming from the object are full of young stars. NGC 2623 is about 250 million light-years away in the constellation of Cancer. (credit:NASA)
Barnard's Galaxy, added Oct. 15, 2009(34 of52)
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This portrait of Barnard\'s Galaxy, one of the Milky Way\'s closest neighbors, was taken by a telescope at the European Southern Observatory in La Silla, Chile. The red features in the photo are nebulae where new stars are being born. The galaxy has about 10 million stars; the Milky Way has an estimated 400 billion. (credit:ESO)
Saturn during equinox in August 2009(35 of52)
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The Cassini spacecraft became the first to photograph an equinox on Saturn, a 15-year event that took place Aug. 11. This photo is a composite of images that Cassini shot over eight hours. New equinox images of the planet show strange formations in its rings and suggest that in some places, the rings are much thicker than expected. (credit:Space Science Institute / JPL / NASA)
Shadows in Saturn's A ring, August 2009(36 of52)
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Clumps of debris cast shadows that are visible in the middle of this image of Saturn\'s A ring. The shadows suggest that the clumps are about 2,000 feet tall. Scientists have believed for years that the rings were about 30 feet thick, but based on the new images, scientists now think that they\'re more than 2 miles deep in some spots. \"Isn\'t that the most outrageous thing you could imagine? It truly is like something out of science fiction,\" said Carolyn Porco, leader of the Cassini imaging team. (credit:Space Science Institute / JPL / NASA)
Jupiter's Scar, July 25, 2009(37 of52)
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A new photo released in July from the Hubble Space Telescope is the clearest yet of what astronomers are calling a scar on the surface of Jupiter. An object, possibly a comet, struck the planet recently, creating the strange dark patch. It happened on the 15th anniversary of another comet strike. (credit:H. Hammel, Jupiter Impact Team / ESA / NASA)
Kohoutek 4-55 nebula, photographed May 4, 2009(38 of52)
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This planetary nebula, named Kohoutek 4-55, was photographed May 4 by the Hubble Space Telescope\'s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. The nebula, dubbed a \"giant eye,\" contains the outer layers of a red giant star that died. The camera, which is the size of a baby grand piano, has captured several memorable images since it was installed in 1993. (credit:JPL / ESA / NASA)
Black hole light show, added April 14(39 of52)
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In this sequence of photos released in April, a jet of gas spews from a massive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. The gas fades and brightens, with a peak that even outshines the galaxy\'s core. The outburst is coming from a blob of matter, dubbed HST-1, and scientists are so far at a loss to explain its weird behavior. (credit:J. Madrid, McMaster University / ESA / NASA)
Galaxy Triplet ARP 274, Added April 6(40 of52)
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This photo was snapped by the Hubble Space Telescope after winning a public competition to determine what the next space portrait should be. It shows Arp 274, a system of three galaxies -- two larger ones on the right, and a smaller and less intact one on the far left. (credit:M. Livio, Hubble Heritage Team / ESA / NASA)
Red Rectangle nebula added Feb. 10, 2009(41 of52)
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Our solar system is in the middle of a cosmic dust storm, and some astronomers said they\'ve zeroed in on the possible source: the Red Rectangle nebula, which is 2,300 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros. A double star system there is spewing the dust, according to findings announced in February. (credit:Van Winckel, M. Cohen, H. Bond, T. Gull, ESA / NASA)
Galactic collision, Oct. 30, 2008(42 of52)
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After transmission problems on the Hubble Telescope weren fixed, NASA in October 2008 provided this undated photograph showing the aftermath of galaxies colliding. In the pair known as Arp 147, a reddish-colored galaxy has passed through an O-shaped galaxy glowing blue. (credit:NASA)
Mercury Volcanoes(43 of52)
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Photographs taken of Mercury by the spacecraft Messenger in January 2008 were analyzed in the journal Science seven months later. Images like the one above show that volcanic activity played a part in forming plains on the planet. (credit:Arizona State University / JHUAP / NASA)
The Helix nebula(44 of52)
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Feel like you are being watched? This infrared image from NASA\'s Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Helix nebula, a cosmic starlet notable for its vivid colors and eerie resemblance to a giant eye. (credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
A death star galaxy(45 of52)
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Even galaxies get bullied. Here, a so-called \"death star galaxy\" blasts a nearby galaxy with a jet of energy. Scientists said that if this happened in the Milky Way, it would likely destroy all life on Earth. (credit:NASA)
Crab Nebula(46 of52)
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In 2005, NASA\'s Hubble Telescope captured this image of the Crab Nebula, a six-light-year-wide expanding remnant of a star\'s supernova explosion. Japanese and Chinese astronomers witnessed this violent event in 1054. (credit:NASA / Getty Images)
Two Satellites given to NASA(47 of52)
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US National Reconnaissance Office unexpectedly transferred control of two Hubble-quality satellites to NASA in June of 2012. (credit:NASA)
Apollo 17 at Shorty Crater(48 of52)
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Astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt roam the Moon\'s surface in December 1972. (credit:NASA)
The Great Galaxy in Andromeda, M31(49 of52)
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Elder One:
Taken with 10\" Newtonian in central BC, Canada
Accretion Disk Showing Rotations(50 of52)
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Elyas Fraenkel Isaacs:
Gravitational density causes rotation. The resultant forces create matter streams which eventually coalesce to stellar bodies.
Venusian Transit, 6-5-12, Sunset(51 of52)
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sw33tman:
Photo by Marty Swinney. 800mm (35mm equivalent 400mm), 1/6000 @ f22
Tarantula Nebula(52 of52)
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ApolloStar:
Unbelievable Beauty in Deep Space