韓国大統領、本当に「悲惨な末路」なのか? 朴槿恵氏逮捕なら歴代3人目(図解)

韓国内では制度変更を求める意見も出されている。
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AFP/Bloomberg via Getty Images

弾劾訴追で罷免され、収賄や強要などの罪で逮捕状が請求されていた韓国の朴槿恵・前大統領について、韓国のソウル中央地裁は3月30日、本人への質疑応答を含む令状審査を始めた。30日深夜か31日未明に結論が出るとみられる。

ハフィントンポスト韓国版によると、朴氏は30日午前10時09分ごろ、ソウル中央地裁に弁護士とともに到着。報道陣の質問には何も答えず庁舎に入った。検察側は約12万ページに及ぶ捜査資料を提出しており、審査には時間がかかると予想される。

韓国の歴代大統領で、捜査対象になったのは4人目。逮捕されれば3人目となる。

こうした現状に、「歴代大統領はなぜ悲惨な末路をたどるのか」といった記事も日本ではみられる。

実際、どうなのか。表にまとめると以下のようになる。

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※画像クリックで拡大します。

退陣要求デモの激化で辞任し、逃げるようにハワイへ亡命した初代大統領の李承晩氏、側近に暗殺された朴正熙氏、死刑判決を受けた全斗煥氏、検察の取り調べ後に自殺した盧武鉉氏ら、政権末期や退任後はあまり幸せそうではないケースが目立つ。

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軍事クーデターで政権を奪取した全斗煥・元大統領と、その腹心で民主化後に選挙で選ばれた盧泰愚・元大統領は、軍事政権時代に活動を制限された金泳三氏が大統領になると、クーデター首謀や不正蓄財などの容疑で逮捕・起訴され、全氏は一審で死刑、盧氏は無期懲役の判決を受けた(のちに2人とも特赦)。写真は1996年8月26日、盧泰愚(左)と全斗煥・両元大統領の初公判。2人が手を握り合っている姿が話題となった

一方で李明博氏はテニスやゴルフに興じる様子がたびたび報じられるし、金泳三氏、金大中氏はいずれも大往生だった。韓国現代政治史に詳しい木村幹・神戸大大学院教授は、ハフィントンポストの取材に、こう述べる。

「韓国の歴代大統領、とりわけ民主化以降の大統領が『任期の末期』になると支持率が低下し、スキャンダルが噴出することを繰り返していることは事実です。しかしながら、そのことは彼らの『人生の末路』が『悲惨』であることを必ずしも意味しません。例えば、前大統領の李明博はソウル市内の豪邸で悠々自適の生活を送っていますし、民主化運動の弾圧や不正蓄財で懲役刑を受けた全斗煥や盧泰愚も、恩赦により釈放され、やはりソウル市内で暮らしています。暗殺された朴正煕や自殺した盧武鉉の印象が強すぎるのかも知れません」

■次の大統領も「悲運から逃れられない」?

5月9日に新大統領が選出されるが、また同じことにならないか。韓国内では制度の変更を求める意見も出されている。

最大野党「共に民主党」で保守系の金鍾仁・元代表は「歴史から教訓を学び、そんなことが繰り返されないよう何をすべきかという問いに、私たちが目覚めなければ未来はない」と、1期5年で強力な権限を持つ大統領制からの転換を議論するべきだと暗に訴えた

保守派の論客として知られる朝鮮日報の金大中顧問(元大統領とは同姓同名の別人)も「見方によっては韓国の政治制度に疾病的な要因があるのではないかと思われる。どこかに致命的なDNAが韓国の権力構造に内在しているのだ。(中略)新しい大統領を選ぶとしても、過去と現在に照らして未来を語るなら、悲運の結末から逃れられないかもしれない。我々自身を果敢に変えない限り、今日の政治的情勢と権力的独善はなくならない」と唱える

日本のネット上では「だから韓国の民主主義は未熟だ」という書き込みも目につく。

そうした意見に対し、木村教授は「何が『民主主義の成熟』なのかは、それを定義することから始めなければならず、それを議論することはあまり意味がないと思います(例えばトランプ政権に揺れる現在のアメリカは『民主主義が成熟』しているのでしょうか)」と反問する。

木村教授が注目するのは「大統領に巨大な権限、とりわけ経済的に大きな力が与えられている」韓国独特の権力構造だ。

「アジア通貨危機やリーマンショック時にみられたように、韓国政府には必要であれば巨大財閥ですら、整理に追い込むことのできる力が与えられており、それゆえ企業は常に大統領と良い関係を得ようと接近することにになります。結果として、大統領と企業が癒着し、それが政権末期に露呈することで不安定な状況が繰り返されている、と言えるでしょう」

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A worker stands on the partially-submerged wreck of the Sewol ferry as it is lifted between two Chinese salvage vessels off the coast of the southern South Korean island of Jindo on March 23, 2017.\nSouth Korea\'s sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / Ed JONES (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
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A worker stands on the partially-submerged wreck of the Sewol ferry as it is lifted between two Chinese salvage vessels off the coast of the southern South Korean island of Jindo on March 23, 2017.\nSouth Korea\'s sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / Ed JONES (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(30 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 23: Submersible vessel attempts to salvage sunken Sewol ferry in waters off Jindo, on March 23, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
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TOPSHOT - This aerial image shows part of the damaged Sewol ferry between two barges after being raised during a salvage operation at sea off the southwestern island of Jindo on March 23, 2017.\nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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This aerial image shows part of the damaged Sewol ferry between two barges after being raised during a salvage operation at sea off the southwestern island of Jindo on March 23, 2017.\nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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This aerial image shows part of the damaged Sewol ferry between two barges after being raised during a salvage operation at sea off the southwestern island of Jindo on March 23, 2017.\nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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This aerial image shows part of the damaged Sewol ferry between two barges after being raised during a salvage operation at sea off the southwestern island of Jindo on March 23, 2017. \nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters on March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / STR (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
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An aerial view shows the salvage operation of the Sewol ferry, off the coast of South Korea\'s southern island of Jindo on March 24, 2017.\nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Lee Myung-Ik (Photo credit should read LEE MYUNG-IK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 24: Submersible vessel attempts to salvage sunken Sewol ferry in waters off Jindo, on March 24, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
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The Sewol ferry is lifted during a salvage operation off the coast of South Korea\'s southern island of Jindo on March 24, 2017.\nSouth Koreas sunken Sewol ferry emerged from the waters March 23, nearly three years after it went down with the loss of more than 300 lives and dealt a crushing blow to now-ousted president Park Geun-Hye. / AFP PHOTO / Ed JONES (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(38 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 26: In this handout photo released by the South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, The sunken Sewol ferry on a semi-submersible transport vessel during the salvage operation in waters off Jindo, on March 26, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. Workers are in the process of an attempt to raise the ferry from the water in the hope that the disasters\' final victims will be found. (Photo by South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(39 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 26: In this handout photo released by the South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, The sunken Sewol ferry on a semi-submersible transport vessel during the salvage operation in waters off Jindo, on March 26, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. Workers are in the process of an attempt to raise the ferry from the water in the hope that the disasters\' final victims will be found. (Photo by South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(40 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 26: In this handout photo released by the South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, The sunken Sewol ferry on a semi-submersible transport vessel during the salvage operation in waters off Jindo, on March 26, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. Workers are in the process of an attempt to raise the ferry from the water in the hope that the disasters\' final victims will be found. (Photo by South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(41 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 26: In this handout photo released by the South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, The sunken Sewol ferry on a semi-submersible transport vessel during the salvage operation in waters off Jindo, on March 26, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. Workers are in the process of an attempt to raise the ferry from the water in the hope that the disasters\' final victims will be found. (Photo by South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)
South Korea Attempts To Salvage Sunken Sewol Ferry(42 of42)
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JINDO-GUN, SOUTH KOREA - MARCH 26: In this handout photo released by the South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, The sunken Sewol ferry on a semi-submersible transport vessel during the salvage operation in waters off Jindo, on March 26, 2017 in Jindo-gun, South Korea. The Sewol sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014 leaving more than 300 people dead and nine of them still remain missing. Workers are in the process of an attempt to raise the ferry from the water in the hope that the disasters\' final victims will be found. (Photo by South Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via Getty Images) (credit:Handout via Getty Images)

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