天皇陛下が「生前退位」の意向、皇室典範の規定は?

皇室典範では、天皇の生前退位についての記載はない。

天皇陛下が数年以内に生前退位する意向を示されているとNHKニュースなどが報じたことについて、共同通信は皇室典範の改正が必要になると報じている。

コトバンクによると、現行の皇室典範は、1947年に施行された皇室制度の基本を定めた法律。(1)皇位継承、(2)皇族、(3)摂政、(4)成年、敬称、即位の礼、大喪の礼、皇統譜及び陵墓、(5)皇室会議の各章から成る。廃止された旧典範(1889年制定)の骨格を踏襲して、戦後、新たに制定された。旧典範は、国会の関与が許されなかったが、新典範は一般の法律となった。

皇位継承の時期について、皇室典範の第1章4条では「天皇が崩じたときは、皇嗣が、直ちに即位する」とだけ記載されている。天皇の生前退位についての記載はないため、生前退位には皇室典範の改正も含めた検討が必要になる。

■「十分に果たせる者が天皇の位にあるべき」

天皇陛下は2015年12月23日に誕生日を迎え、現在82歳。NHKニュースは、天皇陛下は「憲法に定められた象徴としての務めを十分に果たせる者が天皇の位にあるべきだ」と考えているという。そのため、大幅な公務の軽減や代役をたてるなどして天皇の位にとどまることは望んでいないと話しているという。

陛下は現在も公務を精力的に続けている。2016年1月には、国交正常化60周年となったフィリピンへ公式訪問した。また5月に熊本地震の被災地を訪問したりするなど遠方へも出かけている。

一方で、朝日新聞デジタルによると、宮内庁は2016年5月、天皇、皇后両陛下の公務について、「ご年齢にふさわしいあり方」として皇居であいさつを受ける「拝謁(はいえつ)」など一部を取りやめると発表していた。

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