【日本企業はグローバル化出来るのか? その2】~入交昭一郎氏インタビュー~ 

日本企業が直面している課題、グローバル化を進めるために必要なことは一体何か。米国ホンダ、セガを率いた入交昭一郎氏に聞いた。
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photo/ⓒJapan In-depth編集部

「企業のグローバル化」が叫ばれて久しい。日本企業が直面している課題、グローバル化を進めるために必要なことは一体何か。米国ホンダ、セガを率いた入交昭一郎氏(有限会社入交昭一郎 代表取締役)に、Japan In-depth編集長安倍宏行とフライシュマンヒラードジャパン社長の田中慎一氏が聞いた。

-(安倍)現在の日本企業が直面するグローバル化はどのようなものか?

1970-80年代のグローバライゼーションは、貿易摩擦のプレッシャーなどがあり、日本の製造業は外へ出て行かざるを得ないという状況だった。必ずしも喜んで行ったというわけではなく、そのときは基本的に「出来るだけ周りにご迷惑をかけずにビジネスをやらせて頂く」というマインドだった。それから40年経ち、進出した日本企業は数倍の規模になり、各々の国の中でそれなりのポジションを占める力を持つようになった。それゆえ、周りに迷惑を掛けないようにひっそりやるというのは難しくなり、貢献も発言もしなければならなくなっていると思う。

さらに輪をかけて、グローバルな環境の中でどうやって競争力をつけるかを考えると、単独では出来ないことも出てくるので、日本企業だけではなく他国の企業ともアライアンスや合弁をする必要が出てくる。そのため、積極的に企業や地域社会などを味方に取り込む必要が出てきているのが現状だ。

-(田中)積極的に周囲を巻き込み、攻めのグローバル経営をしていると言える日本企業は具体的にどこがあるか?

実際はまだあまり無いのではないか。何か問題に直面した際に新しく行動を起こすことはあっても、普段から意識して実行できているところはまだないと思う。何かクライシスが起こるなど痛い思いをして気付くことが無ければ、新しいことを実行に移せないということが、日本企業が乗り越えなければいけない課題だと思う。

-(安倍)団塊世代が引退して世代交代しているとはいえ、日本企業は経営層の年齢が高く、新しい経営スタイルに挑戦するのが難しいのではないか?

必ずしも若ければいいという訳ではないと思う。今の若い人たちは快適で住みやすい日本の現状に満足しており、新しいことをする必要性を実感していないと感じる。外に出て行動する必要性を実感しない限り行動を起こせないと思う。

かつてのホンダのグローバル化は、日本がアメリカに戦争に負けて、戦後海外に強烈な憧れを抱いていた世代が牽引していた。その世代が何が何でもアメリカやヨーロッパから学んで、新しいことを取り入れようというモチベーションを持っていた。今の50代の経営者も確かに優れていると思うが、遮二無二前進しようというエネルギーが少ないようにも感じる。

一方でアジアの若い経営者は自分の生活をもっと良くしたいという強烈な願望を持っていると言えるだろう。もっともアジアについては、日本企業もここ10年間で購買力や製造拠点としてのパワーを取り込むことについてはうまく経営出来ていると思うが。

-(安倍)日本から新しい技術を使った革新的なサービスが生まれにくいのはなぜか?

ベンチャーについては、「これで大儲けしてやろう」「これで世界を変えてやろう」という、例えばイーロン・マスクのような強欲なエネルギーを持った企業家が少ないのではないか?また、製造業をやっていた経験からすると、日本人はコンセプチュアルなものを海外から取り込んで、それを実用化や工業化することは得意なのだが、誰も考えていなかったようなことを始めるのが苦手だと感じる。

だから日本人は海外で生まれた発想を基にした、アプリケーションの部分やサービスの組み合わせで存在感を示していくことは十分できるとも考えている。

あとは、教育の問題もあるだろう。よく言われる話だが、これまでは暗記力をつけることが教育の中心だったが、今後はクリエイティブな力をつけていかなければいけない。また欧米社会には、機会を見つけてはメッセージを発信することが人として存在感を示すために必要だという発想がある。これは日本人にはなじみがない習慣なのだが、個人だけでなく企業にも必要だ。

-(田中)製造業では海外への技術移転も大きな課題だがどう考えるか?

技術移転には様々な考え方があるが、過去日本企業は工場レベルでの技術移転には力を入れており、現地化する先々の文化に合わせて自社の方法論をカスタマイズしてきた。その方がアメリカのようにアメリカ国内でのやり方を全世界に適用するよりもアウトプットの質が高いことは間違いない。

しかし、カスタマイズする際に何を変えて何を変えないかと言うのは、分かっていない場合が多い。例えば「品質の良い物を提供するのだ」というコンセプチュアルな所は変えてはいけないが、それ以外のところは実際に経験値を積み上げてみなければ分からない。実際の現場で現地の人と対話し、お互いの妥協点を見つけることが重要になってくる。

更に、国内の技術をどこまで移転するかというのは簡単に決められない問題だ。こちらは企業機密だと思っていても意外とそうでもないケースもある。また移転範囲をあまりにも狭めると、海外の人材を使うという海外移転のメリットが薄れてしまう。

-(田中)日本の会社は現場主義であり、グローバル本社の設置の動きなども徐々に進んできてはいるものの、求心力が低下しているという課題があるが、どう対応するべきか?

求心力を高めた方が良いのか、弱めた方が良いのかという問いには答えはないと思う。求心力を一つにまとめてしまうと、そこに当てはまらない個人のモチベーションの低下につながってしまうという問題がある。

ただダイバーシティを推進することで、全体の活力が上がっていると必ずしも言えないのではないか。各地域の活力と全体の活力、両方を上げなければならない。バランスが大切な現状で、どうしたら良いか答えを持っている人はおらず、皆が試行錯誤している状態だろうと思う。

グローバリゼーションは現在進行中であり、一人ひとりの働き方から、グローバルな企業のあり方として何が正しいのかまで、まだ定まった解はないというのが現状だろう。

【インタビューを終えて 編集長 安倍宏行】

日本の企業で攻めのグローバル経営をしているところは余りない、という入交氏の指摘にやはりそうか、と寂しい気持ちになった。入交氏はその理由として、トヨタやタカタの例を出し、大きなリスクに直面しなければ、グローバル経営に向けて行動を起こすことは難しいとの見解を示した。

しかし、事前にあらゆるリスクを想定し、リスクを未然に防ぐ努力をしたり、リスクが起きた時の対処法をシュミレーションしたりしておくことは、グローバル企業にとって必須だと思われる。それを怠ればいずれ来るであろうリスクのダメージを最小化することは出来ない。そういう意味において日本の経営者に向けての警鐘と受け止めた。

又、入交氏は、日本人はコンセプチュアルなものを生み出すのは苦手だが、海外発のアイデアを基にした、アプリケーションやサービスの組み合わせで存在感を示すことが出来る、と述べ、日本の企業の可能性を否定しなかったことは一筋の光明だ。

一方、技術移転の在り方や、グローバル本社の統治の仕方、さらには働き方などに関して、まだ定まった解はない、と氏は明言している。今後、日本の経営者は、グローバリゼーションの波の中で、日本的経営システムの良いところをどう反映させていくのか、その知恵と行動力を試されることになろう。

2015年版 世界のビジネス写真43選
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