クラスの半数以上が「外国につながる」児童 共生進む横浜いちょう団地【ルポ】

横浜市の「いちょう団地」は、30年以上にわたって多国籍の人々が共生する国際タウンだ。日本社会で、異なった文化的背景を持つ人々がどう一緒に生きているのか、現地から報告する。
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横浜市の神奈川県営いちょう団地は、30年以上にわたって多国籍の人々が共生する国際タウンだ。世界各地で難民が問題となるなど、近年、外国人との共生が大きな課題としてクローズアップされるなか、日本は移民・難民をどう受け入れ、付き合ったらいいのか。日本社会で、異なった文化的背景を持つ人々がどう一緒に生きているのか、現地から報告する。

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中国籍の亀井美奈さんさん。9月に中国から戻ってきたばかりだ=飯田北いちょう小学校

横浜市の西部、泉区の神奈川県営いちょう団地。閑静な田園地帯で、天候によっては遠く富士山を望むこともできる。記者は10月下旬、この地を訪れた。

「日本が好き。日本の学校は楽しいけど、中国は勉強が厳しいから」。微笑みながらそう話すのは、団地にある横浜市立飯田北いちょう小学校6年生の亀井美奈さん(12)だ。中国名は「芦雪梅」。中国人の両親のもと、この地で生まれた。小学校1年生だった2011年の東日本大震災の直後、家族が不安を感じて一緒に親戚のいる中国の東北部ハルピン近郊に一時的に転居。2015年9月に横浜に戻ってきた。

かつて日本の小学校に通っていたときは、中国人の友達が多く、日本語を話す機会が少なかった。母語は中国語で、いまでも両親とは中国語で話す。現在、「国語」(日本語)の授業はクラスの大勢の児童は別に、少人数の個別授業を受けている。「好きなことは、みんなでやる大縄(飛び)」と笑った。

■親子の間のコミュニケーションに課題も

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飯田北いちょう小学校の玄関を入ると、外国語でのあいさつを並べたボードがあった

学校の玄関を入ってすぐのところにあるあいさつボードには、ベトナムやフィリピン、ブラジルなど、日本語を含めて10カ国の言語でのあいさつが並ぶ。授業中の教室を見ると、肌や髪の毛の色が異なった児童たちがあふれていた。

学校は320人の児童が通っているが、そのうち141人がベトナムや中国などの外国籍、8%が外国にルーツを持つ日本国籍の児童で、合計167人が外国につながる子供たちだ。割合では52%にあたる。

「親子間で話が通じない家庭も多いです。会話が成立せず、寂しい、苦しいという思いをもつ子供も少なくありません」。田中秀仁校長はそう説明する。児童たちの9割が日本生まれだが、親は日本語が得意ではない人が多いという。

多国籍の子供たちのため、国語(日本語)と算数の授業を日本語のレベルに合わせて4、5個のグループに分けている。また、ベトナム人の講師や、ボランティアの中国人留学生が時々来て、日本語を教えるなどしてサポートをしている。

ある女子児童の家庭では、両親は中国語を使い、娘には中国人としての誇りをもって生きてほしいと思っている。一方、この児童は、「親がなかなか分かってくれない」と感じているのだが、将来は日中両方の言葉を使う通訳になる夢を抱いている。また、高校や社会に出てから差別を受けるのではと不安を抱いている子供たちもいるという。

田中校長は「学習内容は日本の子供たちと同じです。勉強のできる、できないに国籍は関係ありませんし、外国人児童の能力が低いわけではありません。何よりも大切なのは言葉なんです」と話した。

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いちょう団地にある食材店には、東南アジア料理に頻繁に使われるパクチーが並んでいた

■80年代からインドシナ難民が住み着く

この県営いちょう団地、そもそもどうして外国人が多いのか。神奈川県営団地で最大規模のこのマンモス団地は横浜市と隣接する大和市にまたがり、いまでは約3600世帯のうち2割以にあたる約720世帯が外国人の世帯だ。約30カ国の人たちが暮らすという。

発端は、大和市に1980年、ベトナム、カンボジア、ラオスからのインドシナ難民のため定住支援施設「大和定住促進センター」が開設されたことだった。センターは、独裁政治や内戦から逃れるため祖国から流出した「ボートピープル」の受け皿として、日本語教育や生活・就職支援などをしてきた。

センターは1998年3月に閉所したが、それまでの間、2600人以上が巣立っていった。多くの人々が近隣で職場を見つけ、いちょう団地に住み着いた。彼らは外国から家族や親戚、知り合いを呼び寄せたりもした。外国人コミュニティーが拡大し、中国残留孤児やその家族、日系ブラジル人も住み始めた。

■日本人高齢化の一方、若い世代は外国人中心に

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中国語など6カ国で記されている看板を指さすいちょう団地連合自治会の八木幸雄会長

「日本人居住者の多くは高齢で、単身や夫婦2人だけの世帯が多い。その一方、外国人世帯は若くて子供も複数います。ここは将来の日本の縮図なんです」。そう話すのは、いちょう団地連合自治会の八木幸雄会長(71)だ。人口減少はこの地でも例外でなく、住民の高齢化に伴い空き室が増加しているが、その穴を外国人が埋めている状況だ。

団地内では、ゴミの分別やバイク進入禁止、近所迷惑に気をつけるよう呼びかける看板が、ベトナム語やカンボジア語(クメール語)、中国語など6カ国で記されている。また、暮らし方マニュアルの冊子が8言語で配られている。外国人との共生は、すでに長年向き合ってきた課題なのだ。時々、ゴミの出し方や深夜の騒音などでトラブルになることもあるという。

八木会長は、外国人の割合がもっと増えるであろう団地の20年後、30年後を心配する。「今後は自治会の幹部にもなってほしい。下の世代をどうするのか、もっと考えないといけないですね」。

団地内には、外国食材店やレストランも点在する。ある食材店をのぞくと、冷蔵のたなには東南アジア料理によく使われるパクチーが一番目立つところに並んでいた。

■日本人ボランティアが日本語教室

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日本語教室を見つめるグエン・ファン・ティ・ホアン・ハーさん(右)

増加する外国人を支援する日本人団体も複数ある。そのうちの一つ、「多文化まちづくり工房」は、合併して飯田北いちょう小学校となった団地内の「いちょう小学校」の旧校舎を拠点に、日本語教室や子供の補習、生活相談をしてきた。また、サッカーや祭りなどのイベントも開き、外国人との交流を図っている。

活動の中心となっているのは、代表の早川秀樹さん(41)ら約10人のボランティアだ。ベトナム出身のグエン・ファン・ティ・ホアン・ハーさん(29)はボランティアの1人。難民として先に来日した父を追い、1995年、10歳の時に来日した。現在は、この場で日本語を教えたり、役所に出す書類作成の手伝いをしたりするほか、裁判所の通訳もしている。

「日本に来たときは小学校5年生でした。最初は外国人の私をクラスの人たちが珍しがってくれましたが、日本語が分からず次第にコミュニケーションが取れなくなって大変でした。でも、最後は仲良くなりました。思い出すのは、日本との文化の違いです。最初は、体育の授業の時みんなと一緒に着替えるのが嫌でしたし、修学旅行の時に一緒に風呂に入るのは苦手でした」と振り返る。

中学2年生のときに、この場所の日本語教室に参加し始めた。高校受験や大学受験の際には、早川さんらに相談に乗ってもらい、助かったと感謝する。早川さんは「日本語教育には、地域や自治体でのしっかりとした仕組みが必要。そして、もっと多くの人がかかわってくれることが大切です」と指摘した。

■介護職員として感謝されるフィリピン人

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男性に話しかけるフィリピン出身のモラレス・レーガンさん

最後に、約40人の介護職員のうち、8人がフィリピンとベトナムの外国人という特別養護老人ホームを紹介する。横浜市保土ケ谷区の「よつば苑」は、EPA(経済連携協定)が導入されてから、介護に携わる人材が減ることに対応するため外国人を採用している。言葉の問題を不安視したが、かれらの一生懸命な働きぶりがその懸念を払拭しているという。

施設では、フィリピン人のモラレス・レーガンさん(31)が85歳の男性入所者に話しかけていた。2011年に来日。「初めはおカネを稼ぐために日本に来たのですが、いまは日本が好きになりました。ずっと日本にいたいです」とレーガンさんは日本語で語る。

レーガンさんをどう思うか、入所者男性に記者が聞いてみた。「本当に優しいんだよ。いい人。無理を言っても聞いてくれる。日本人も外国人も関係ないよ」。目に涙を浮かべながら、しみじみ語っていた。

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Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(32 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants try attempt to cross the border between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(33 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants try attempt to cross the border between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(34 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants break through a fence at the border crossing between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(35 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants cross the border between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(36 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants cross the border between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Worsening Weather Brings Misery For Migrants(37 of53)
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BERKASOVO, SERBIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants wait to cross the border between Serbia and Croatia on October 21, 2015 near the village of Berkasovo in Serbia. Tension was building among hundreds of migrants as they remained stranded overnight in cold and wet conditions in the Balkans as they try to continue their journey north in their search for a better life in Western Europe. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(38 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 21: Migrants cross into Slovenia at night on October 21, 2015 near the village of Dobova, Slovenia. Migrants are escorted by police and soldiers after crossing from Croatia into Slovenia on route to a refugee camp situated 15 kilometers from the border. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(39 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants are escorted by police through Dobova as they walk to a holding camp on October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(40 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants are escorted by police through Dobova as they are walked holding camp on October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(41 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants are escorted by police through Dobova as they are walked holding camp on October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(42 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants are escorted by police through Dobova as they are walked holding camp on October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(43 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants arrive a temporary holding area after being escorted by police from the Croatian and Slovenia border October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(44 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrant children look through a metal fence as they rest at a temporary holding area after being escorted by police from the Croatian and Slovenia border October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(45 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrant children look through a metal fence as they rest at a temporary holding area after being escorted by police from the Croatian and Slovenia border October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border from Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with a human tide unseen in Europe since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(46 of53)
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DOBOVA, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 22: Migrants are escorted by police through Dobova as they walk to a holding camp on October 22, 2015 in Dobova, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(47 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants are held back by the police near the village of Rigonce,before being walked to Brezice refugee camp on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(48 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants walk to the village of Rigonce, after crossing over from Croatia on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(49 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants are held back by the police near the village of Rigonce,before being walked to Brezice refugee camp on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(50 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants are escorted through fields by police as they are walked from the village of Rigonce to Brezice refugee camp on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce,, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(51 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants are escorted through fields by police as they are walked from the village of Rigonce to Brezice refugee camp on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce,, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(52 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants are escorted through fields by police as they are walked from the village of Rigonce to Brezice refugee camp on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce,, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Migrants Cross Into Slovenia(53 of53)
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RIGONCE, SLOVENIA - OCTOBER 23: Migrants walk from the village of Rigonce to Brezice refugee camp in tha dark on October 23, 2015 in Rigonce, Slovenia. Thousands of migrants marched across the border between Croatia into Slovenia as authorities intensify their efforts to attempt to cope with Europe\'s largest migration of people since World War II. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)