ドイツ議会、101年前の「アルメニア人大虐殺」を認定、トルコは反発「2国関係に損害をもたらす」

ドイツの議会は6月2日、1915年に起きたオスマン・トルコ帝国によるアルメニア人の大量殺人を大虐殺と認定する決議を行った。
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MEHMET KAMAN/ANADOLU AGENCY/GETTY IMAGES

ドイツ連邦議会は6月2日、1915年に起きたオスマン帝国によるアルメニア人の大量殺人を大虐殺と認定する決議を行った。

決議を受けて、トルコは6月2日に同国の在ドイツ大使を召還した。この決議では、第一次世界大戦中にオスマン帝国と同盟関係にあり、当時150万人いたとみられるアルメニア人の大量虐殺を防止できなかったドイツも非難されている。

※この記事は遺体写真が掲載されています。

■「アルメニア人の迫害」とは

アルメニア人の大量迫害は20世紀初め、オスマン帝国が崩壊し、現在のトルコ共和国が成立する時期に起きた。

第1次世界大戦中の1915年4月、オスマン帝国の首都だったイスタンブールで、アルメニア人の知識人らが連行された。これを皮切りに「アルメニア人は敵国ロシアに内通している」として、オスマン帝国が強制移住などの措置をとり、大量の犠牲者が相次いだとされる。アルメニア人はキリスト教徒で、当時オスマン帝国内に多数居住していた。

アルメニア側は「犠牲者は約150万人」と主張しているが、トルコ側は「30万~50万人程度」で、戦時下の悲劇だとして組織的な虐殺はなかったと主張している。

1世紀以上たった今も、この事件は依然として論争の的であり、重要な政治的重みを保持している。

6月2日、トルコのレジェップ・タイップ・エルドアン大統領は「このドイツ議会の決議は、2国間の関係に重大な影響を与えるだろう」と語った。エルドアン大統領とドイツとの関係はここ数カ月悪化しており、大統領はこの決議に関する怒りを露わにしていた。

同日、トルコ外務省は「ドイツ在住のトルコ人達を自らの歴史とアイデンティティから遠ざけようとするものだ」と、ドイツを非難した。

「フセイン・アヴニ・カルスルィオグル大使の召還は、最初のステップでしかない」と、エルドアン大統領は語った。トルコ政府は、同日にベルリンから同国領事も召喚したとみられる。

もしドイツがこの決議で思い違いをするならば、共にNATO加盟国である我々の外交、経済、貿易、政治的、軍事関係を含む2国関係に損害をもたらすだろう

トルコのエルドアン大統領

エルドアン大統領は1915年の大虐殺に控えめに哀悼の意を示し、第一次世界大戦中に「非人道的帰結」をもたらした事件が実際にあったと言明してきたが、事件が大虐殺に相当するのかに関しては完全に否定した。トルコ当局は、同時期に死亡した帝国内の少数民族にもそれほど注意を払っていないという批判にも応えていない。

一方アルメニア人は、「この事件は大虐殺という言葉のあらゆる定義に当てはまる」と語っている。

犠牲者と生存者の子孫は、「男性、女性や子供たちは、アルメニア人だというだけで、死の行進を強制され、飢餓に見舞われ、レイプされ、集団墓地に埋葬された」と言う。

「大虐殺は記憶から抹消されていない」。95歳のマリ・トマシアン氏はワールドポスト編集部に語った。1915年に彼女の家族数十人が、シリア砂漠に向かって死ぬまで歩かされた。「それを忘れることはできない」と彼女は言った。

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1915年のアルメニア人大虐殺でトルコ系オスマン帝国によって殺されたアルメニア人

この事件を大虐殺として認定するドイツに対し、アルメニア人は歓迎する一方、ドイツとトルコ間に生じた政治的対立がシリア難民のような他のグループにどのような影響を及ぼすのかは明らかではない。

ドイツとトルコの両国は、難民危機に対処するための国際的な取り組みにおいて重要な役割を担っており、この危機にあたって、何百万人ものシリア人が近隣諸国に移動し、ヨーロッパへの危険な海の通路を渡ろうとしている。

トルコは、他のどの国よりも多くのシリア難民を抱え、国内に270万以上のシリア人が避難を求めている。一方、ドイツでは2015年およそ110万の難民を受け入れた。その多くはシリア、イラクとアフガニスタンからだ。

ドイツとトルコの対立は波紋を呼び、すでに不安定なEUとトルコによる危機管理のための合意に暗雲が立ち込める。

人権団体は違法で非人道的だと呼ぶが、この合意の一環として、トルコは不法にエーゲ海を渡ってギリシャに向かう難民を送還することに合意している。

EUはトルコが受け入れる移民1人につき、ヨーロッパでシリア難民1人を再定住させることで合意しており、トルコが数百万人のシリア難民を世話する財政負担に対し約60億ユーロ(約7300億円)の支援も約束している。

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2015年4月24日にエルサレムで、アルメニア人女性がアルメニア人大虐殺の100周年を記念するミサでろうそくを灯す。

ドイツの決議が、EU-トルコの合意に影響を与えるかどうかは今後も注視しなければならない。ドイツのメルケル首相は6月2日、この決議と政治的な影響の可能性について楽観的な見方を示した。

「トルコにドイツを結びつけるものは数多くあり、個々の問題について意見の相違があっても、両国の結びつき、友情、戦略的な関係における寛容さは素晴らしいものだ」と、メルケル首相は述べた。

ドイツの決議は、他のEU加盟国よりも認定が遅れた。EUに加盟する28カ国のうち11カ国がすでにアルメニア人の大量殺人を説明するのに「大虐殺」という記述を使用している。世界的にみると、20カ国以上が正式にアルメニア人大虐殺を認定しているが、その中にアメリカは含まれていない。

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

▼画像集が開きます

アルメニア大虐殺をめぐって
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A human rights activist holds a placard picturing Armenian intellectual Rupen Sevag-Cilingiryan, detained and deported in 1915, during a rally on April 24, 2016 to commemorate the 101th anniversary of the 1915 mass killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at historical Haydarpasa station, in Istanbul, where Armenian intellectuals were deported. \nArmenians say up to 1.5 million people were killed during World War I as the Ottoman Empire was falling apart, a claim supported by many other countries. Turkey fiercely rejects the genocide label, arguing that 300,000 to 500,000 Armenians and at least as many Turks died in civil strife when Armenians rose up against their Ottoman rulers and sided with invading Russian troops.\n / AFP / OZAN KOSE (Photo credit should read OZAN KOSE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:OZAN KOSE via Getty Images)
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Demonstrators attend a torch-bearing march marking the centenary of the mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in Yerevan, Armenia April 24, 2015. Armenia marked the centenary on Friday of a mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks with a simple flower-laying ceremony attended by foreign leaders as Germany became the latest country to respond to its calls for recognition that it was genocide. Turkey denies the killing of up to 1.5 million Armenians in what is now Turkey in 1915, at the height of World War One, constitutes genocide and relations with Armenia are still blighted by the dispute. REUTERS/David Mdzinarishvili TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY (credit:David Mdzinarishvili / Reuters)
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Demonstrators shout slogans during a torch-bearing march marking the centenary of the mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in Yerevan, Armenia, April 24, 2015. Armenia marked the centenary on Friday of a mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks with a simple flower-laying ceremony attended by foreign leaders as Germany became the latest country to respond to its calls for recognition that it was genocide. Turkey denies the killing of up to 1.5 million Armenians in what is now Turkey in 1915, at the height of World War One, constitutes genocide and relations with Armenia are still blighted by the dispute. REUTERS/David Mdzinarishvili (credit:David Mdzinarishvili / Reuters)

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