ガレキの山になったトルコの街。政府軍とクルド人武装勢力の戦闘が激化

トルコ軍とクルド人武装勢力との新たな戦闘が、トルコ南東部の一部を荒廃させている。
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1月23日、ジズレ地区をパトロールするトルコ治安部隊。トルコ軍とクルド人武装勢力との戦闘が2015年夏に再発し、ヨーロッパの警戒心を高めている。この結果、トルコの欧州連合(EU)への加盟は厳しく審査されることになった。

ある家族が、戦闘で痛んだ建物から現われる。彼らが避難所へ逃げようとするとき、1人の幼い少年が仮ごしらえの白旗を振る。戦車が街路を進み、爆発で空中に雲煙が上がる。

これらの戦場の画像はシリアからのものではなく、トルコから送られてきたものだ。

2015年夏、トルコ軍とクルド人武装勢力の間で数十年にわたって続いてきた戦争が再燃し、トルコ南東部の一部がますます交戦地帯のようになってきている。

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1月19日、クルド系住民の都市シロピの家の廃墟の中でたたずむ1人の女性と彼女の子供たち。トルコ南東部のいくつかの地域で塹壕を掘って闘う若い民兵組織を倒すため、トルコ軍は戦っている。

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シロピの家の廃墟から寝具を取り出ている女性。1月下旬、部分的に解除されるまで、この都市は36日間にわたって終日、外出禁止令の下にあった。

クルド人が圧倒的に優勢なトルコ南東部で数カ月間の緊張状態が続いた直後の2015年夏、戦闘が勃発した。シリア北西部のクルド系住民の都市コバニでの戦闘や、トルコ南東部の相次ぐ自爆テロ攻撃の中で、多くのクルド人は自称イスラム国(IS)に対するトルコ政府の無為無策を非難している。

1980年代初めからトルコのクルド人の自治権を拡大するために闘い続けてきた武装グループ、クルディスタン労働者党(PKK)がトルコの警察を襲撃した。これを受け、トルコ軍はイラクにいるこの民族への空爆とトルコ国内での軍事作戦を開始した。これにより2年間の停戦協定が崩壊してしまった。

それ以降の数カ月で、数百人が殺されてきた。クルド人の政治指導者は、少なくとも200人の民間人がこの戦闘で死亡したと語った。トルコ政府は民間人に犠牲者が出たとの報道を否定したが、500人以上のPKKの武装勢力と200人の治安部隊のメンバーが今回の衝突で殺害されたと述べた

トルコ軍とクルド人武装勢力との戦闘が再燃したことは、ヨーロッパにも衝撃を与えた。この結果、トルコの欧州連合(EU)への加盟は厳しく審査されることになった。フェデリカ・モゲリーニ欧州連合(EU)の外務・安全保障政策上級代表は1月25日、トルコのクルド人支配地域での「即時停戦」を求めた。

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数千の人々が、戦火と国家が強いてきた外出禁止令から逃れてきた。当局が外出禁止令を拡大した後の27日になると、さらに数千の人々がディヤルバクルのスール地区を逃れた。

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27日、新しい外出禁止令が出された後、多くの人が自分たちの荷物を運び出そうと必死だった。

数千の人々が、戦火のほか、2015年9月以来、政府が強いてきた外出禁止令から逃れてきた。

民間人を保護し、政府軍がクルド人武装勢力に圧勝するためにも、外出禁止令は必要である、とトルコの当局は主張する。一方、人権団体は、こうした措置は集団的懲罰につながり、国際法上、違法であると主張する。

外出禁止令の下で暮らしている住民は、自分たちが食料も医薬品も少ない状態で家に閉じ込められ、慢性的な電力と水の不足に直面している、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに述べた。トルコ軍が、通りに出た人々に発砲した、とも語った。

「私たちは、両軍から抑圧されていた」。2015年11月、トルコ南東部の町シルバンで12日間、外出禁止令の下で暮らしたラマザン・ドゥルク氏(56)は、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに述べた。「ここが交戦地帯になってはいけない。両軍に対し、私たちはこのことを言い続けていきたい」。

アムネスティ・インターナショナルによると、6週間以上にわたって、終日の外出禁止令が出されていたシリア国境近くの町ジズレでは、頭上で戦闘が激しさを増すなか、20人以上の人が約1週間以上も地下に閉じ込められていたという。1月23日に地下へ逃げ込んで以来、彼らのうち少なくとも4人が負傷して死亡した、とアムネスティは述べた。

クルド系政党の国民民主主義党(HDP)の議員3人は28日、ハンガーストライキを決行し、ジズレの地下への衛生兵の通行を保証することをトルコ政府に求めた。一方、トルコ政府は、PKKの攻撃のせいで、救急車がその場所へ近づくことは非常に危険であると述べた。

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トルコ南東部のスール地区をパトロールするトルコ軍の兵士。今回の戦闘によって、国家とクルディスタン労働者党の間で遵守されてきた2年間の停戦が終わってしまった。

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ディヤルバクル県スール地区は、6週間以上にわたって外出禁止令下にある。

シロピ近郊では36日間の封鎖後、トルコ政府が昼間に限って外出禁止令を解除した。この措置で、いくつかの家族が廃墟と化した町に戻ることができた。「それは、まるで地震が襲ったようだった」。BBCのトルコ特派員マーク・ ローウェンはシロピに入った後、語った。「その地域全体が、シリアのようだった」。

トルコ政府は27日、トルコ南東部の最大都市であるディヤルバクルのスール歴史地区で6週間にわたる外出禁止令を延長した。この措置で、おびえて逃げようとする新たな住民の波が生まれた。

ここ数年、PKKの青年組織「青年愛国革命運動(YDG-H)」に所属する民兵組織が、戦闘で顕著な役割を果たすようになってきた。彼らは都市部の中心から戦闘を繰り広げ、自らの拠点の周りに防塞を築き上げたり、塹壕を掘ったりしてきている。PKKとYDG-Hの間の厳密な関係は不明瞭だが、若い戦闘員たちは十分に武装されているように見え、ロケット弾や爆弾攻撃を始めた。

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戦闘は、スール歴史地区に激しい損害を与えた。この地域は数万年の歴史を誇り、ローマ人が建てた壁は観光客を魅了してきた。

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イラクとシリアの国境近郊の都市シロピにある被害を受けた家

トルコ南東部をとらえた悲惨な画像が掲載されているものの、ジャーナリストはこの戦争を報道するために大きなリスクと直面している。地元のジャーナリスト国際的なジャーナリストの数人が、この地域で逮捕され、テロリストを支援した罪で起訴されている。クルド人地域での「計画的な大量虐殺」を非難し、嘆願書に署名した1000人以上の学者を、検察が捜査している。

ハフポストUS版に掲載された記事を翻訳しました。

トルコの首都アンカラで自爆テロ
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Turkish riot police use tear gas to disperse protesters gathered in Diyarbakir on October 10, 2015, after twin blasts at a peace rally in Ankara left at least 86 dead. At least 86 people were killed on October 10 when two explosions ripped through groups of leftist and pro-Kurdish activists gathering for an anti-government peace rally in the Turkish capital Ankara. AFP PHOTO / ILYAS AKENGIN (Photo credit should read ILYAS AKENGIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ILYAS AKENGIN via Getty Images)
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Journalists run away as Turkish riot police use tear gas and water cannons to disperse protesters gathered in Diyarbakir on October 10, 2015, after twin blasts at a peace rally in Ankara left at least 86 dead. At least 86 people were killed on October 10 when two explosions ripped through groups of leftist and pro-Kurdish activists gathering for an anti-government peace rally in the Turkish capital Ankara. AFP PHOTO / ILYAS AKENGIN (Photo credit should read ILYAS AKENGIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ILYAS AKENGIN via Getty Images)
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Turkish riot police (C) block the Istiklal avenue as thousands of protesters take part in a march against the deadly attack earlier in Ankara on October 10, 2015 at the in Istanbul. At least 86 people were killed on October 10 in the Turkish capital Ankara when bombs set off by two suspected suicide attackers ripped through leftist and pro-Kurdish activists gathering for an anti-government peace rally, the deadliest attack in the history of modern Turkey. AFP PHOTO / OZAN KOSE (Photo credit should read OZAN KOSE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:OZAN KOSE via Getty Images)
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Thousands of protesters take part in a march against the deadly attack earlier in Ankara on October 10, 2015 at the Istiklal avenue in Istanbul. At least 95 people were killed on October 10 in the Turkish capital Ankara when bombs set off by two suspected suicide attackers ripped through leftist and pro-Kurdish activists gathering for an anti-government peace rally, the deadliest attack in the history of modern Turkey. AFP PHOTO / OZAN KOSE (Photo credit should read OZAN KOSE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:OZAN KOSE via Getty Images)
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ANKARA, TURKEY - OCTOBER 11: Relatives of the victims of the Ankara train station bombings wait outside the Ankara Forensic Medicine Institute while the autopsies are being performed on Octobor 11, 2015, Ankara, Turkey. At least 95 people have been killed and 246 others wounded in Saturday\'s twin bombings that targeted a peace rally in Turkish capital Ankara, the prime ministers office has said. (Photo by Emin Sansar/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ANKARA, TURKEY - OCTOBER 11: Relatives of the victims of the Ankara train station bombings wait outside the Ankara Forensic Medicine Institute while the autopsies are being performed on Octobor 11, 2015, Ankara, Turkey. At least 95 people have been killed and 246 others wounded in Saturday\'s twin bombings that targeted a peace rally in Turkish capital Ankara, the prime ministers office has said. (Photo by Emin Sansar/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ANKARA, TURKEY - OCTOBER 11: Co-chair of the Peoples\' Democratic Party (HDP) Figen Yuksekdag (left 2) speaks with officials outside the Ankara Forensic Medicine Institute while the autopsies of the victims of the Ankara train station bombings are being performed on Octobor 11, 2015, Ankara, Turkey. At least 95 people have been killed and 246 others wounded in Saturday\'s twin bombings that targeted a peace rally in Turkish capital Ankara, the prime ministers office has said. (Photo by Emin Sansar/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Relatives of the Ankara train station bombings victims(33 of39)
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ANKARA, TURKEY - OCTOBER 11: Relatives of the victims of the Ankara train station bombings wait outside the Ankara Forensic Medicine Institute while the autopsies are being performed on Octobor 11, 2015, Ankara, Turkey. At least 95 people have been killed and 246 others wounded in Saturday\'s twin bombings that targeted a peace rally in Turkish capital Ankara, the prime ministers office has said. (Photo by Emin Sansar/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ANKARA, TURKEY - OCTOBER 11: Relatives of the victims of the Ankara train station bombings wait outside the Ankara Forensic Medicine Institute while the autopsies are being performed on Octobor 11, 2015, Ankara, Turkey. At least 95 people have been killed and 246 others wounded in Saturday\'s twin bombings that targeted a peace rally in Turkish capital Ankara, the prime ministers office has said. (Photo by Emin Sansar/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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Police forensic officers work at the site of an explosion in Ankara, Turkey, Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015. Two nearly simultaneous explosions targeted a Turkish peace rally Saturday by Kurdish activists and opposition supporters in Ankara. At least 86 people were killed and nearly 190 wounded in what appeared to be suicide attacks, Turkish officials said. The explosions occurred seconds apart outside the capitalâs main train station as hundreds gathered for the rally, organized by Turkeyâs public workersâ union and other civic society groups.The rally aimed to call for increased democracy and an end to the renewed violence between Kurdish rebels and Turkish security forces.(AP Photo/Burhan Ozbilici) TURKEY OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Turkey Blast(36 of39)
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An explosive expert works at the site of an explosion in Ankara, Turkey, Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015. Two nearly simultaneous explosions targeted a Turkish peace rally Saturday by Kurdish activists and opposition supporters in Ankara. At least 86 people were killed and nearly 190 wounded in what appeared to be suicide attacks, Turkish officials said. The explosions occurred seconds apart outside the capitalâs main train station as hundreds gathered for the rally, organized by Turkeyâs public workersâ union and other civic society groups.The rally aimed to call for increased democracy and an end to the renewed violence between Kurdish rebels and Turkish security forces.(AP Photo/Burhan Ozbilici) TURKEY OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Turkey Blast(37 of39)
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A man looks towards Ankara\'s main train station at the site of an explosion in Ankara, Turkey, Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015. Two bomb explosions targeted a peace rally, organised by the country\'s public sector workers\' trade union, in the Turkish capital killing dozens of people and injuring scores of others. The rally aimed to call for an end to the renewed violence between Kurdish rebels and Turkish security forces. (AP Photo/Emrah Gurel) TURKEY OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Turkey Blast(38 of39)
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A placard that reads in Turkish \'Peace\', is left at the site of an explosion in Ankara, Turkey, Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015. Two bomb explosions targeted a peace rally, organised by the country\'s public sector workers\' trade union, in the Turkish capital killing dozens of people and injuring scores of others. The rally aimed to call for an end to the renewed violence between Kurdish rebels and Turkish security forces. (AP Photo/Emrah Gurel) TURKEY OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Turkey Blast(39 of39)
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People react as Turkish police use tear gas to disperse people protesting and to open the way to ambulances near the site of an explosion in Ankara, Turkey, Saturday, Oct. 10, 2015. Two bomb explosions targeted the peace rally, organised by the country\'s public sector workers\' trade union, in the Turkish capital killing dozens of people and injuring scores of others. The rally aimed to call for an end to the renewed violence between Kurdish rebels and Turkish security forces. (AP Photo) TURKEY OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)

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