フィリピンを想い、横浜で考える食の未来

この冬、日本の私たちが経験した大雪も、昨年11月にフィリピンを襲った台風30号(ハイエン)もまだ多くの人の記憶に新しいだろう。いずれの場合も、食を支える農業そして漁業が大きな打撃を受けた。温暖化が進むにつれ、こうした極端な気象現象による自然災害の頻度が増えることが予測されている。
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この冬、日本の私たちが経験した大雪も、昨年11月にフィリピンを襲った台風30号(ハイエン)もまだ多くの人の記憶に新しいだろう。いずれの場合も、食を支える農業そして漁業が大きな打撃を受けた。温暖化が進むにつれ、こうした極端な気象現象による自然災害の頻度が増えることが予測されている。対策が取られなければ、2050年には、新たに5000万人が飢餓の脅威に直面する。気候変動は、私たちの食、そして世界の飢餓問題の最大の脅威ともいえるのだ(1)。

台風ハイエンの被害を受けたフィリピン、レイテ島の26歳の漁師、ジョエルさん。台風で家は完全に崩壊、かき集めた廃材でどうにか家を作った。船はもちろん、網などの道具も全て失った。今は、海沿いを歩き、拾い集めた金属の廃材を売ることで少しばかりの現金を得ている。お金を貯めて船を買い、再び漁業に戻りたいという。しかし、台風によって大切な生態系であるマングローブや珊瑚礁も破壊され、水産資源は台風以前の40%に激減している。復興への道のりはまだ長い。

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3歳の息子を抱きながら、無惨な姿のヤシの木の間を行くのは、同じくレイテ島のココナッツ農家のザカリアスさんだ。家は、なぎ倒されたジャックフルーツの木に潰されて損壊したという。ココナッツは、フィリピン農業においてコメやサトウキビと並ぶ重要品目。この地域では、ココナッツ椰子の9割が失われた。椰子の木は、その成長に平均6年から8年が必要だ。農家は、代替収入源の確保が必要だ。

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日本の私たちも、決して気候変動の影響から免れることができない。昨年11月からの記録的な大雪による農林水産業への損失額は、1200億円を超えた(2)。 日本の農業や漁業が異常気象などの自然災害に襲われるリスクはもちろん、食料の60%を輸入に頼る日本は、世界の食料生産・供給の動向に左右される。

一方で、日本のような先進国とフィリピンのような途上国における決定的な違いもある。途上国では、農業や漁業など、生活基盤を自然資源に依存する人々が多い。加えて、様々な社会インフラが脆弱なのが途上国の特徴だ。また、貧しいほど、食費が家計支出に占める割合(エンゲル係数)は高い傾向にある。つまり、途上国の人々にとって、気候変動の影響、また、食料生産へ被害などに伴って高騰する食料価格の影響は、より直接的で深刻だと言える。

例えば、2012年の米国における干ばつで生じた農作物の損失のうち、農作物保険の補償対象となったのは、損失額の75%。一方、フィリピンを襲った台風ハイエンによる農作物の損失額のうち補償対象となったのは、全体のわずか6%に過ぎなかった。

また、正確な気象情報の把握と提供は、気候変動に直面する農家への大きな助けとなりうる。しかし、日本では約1,200平方キロメートルに対し1カ所の割合で観測所が整備されているのに対し、アフリカのチャドでは、80,000平方キロメートルに1つしかない。こうした整備の違いは、情報収集や伝達機能の大きな違いをもたらし、災害時の備えの有無や程度に直結する。

今週、横浜では、国連気候変動交渉に対し、気候変動に関する科学的見地の根拠を提供してきた、「気候変動に関する政府間パネル(IPCC)」の第2作業部会総会が開催されている。31日に発表される第5次報告書「影響と適応策」では、気候変動が世界の食料安全保障にもたらす脅威が過去の予想以上に深刻な課題であることを示す新たな証拠が示される見通しだ。

日本を含め、世界では気候変動への取組みがなかなか進まない。新たな削減努力と適応のための備えが講じられることがなければ、日本の平均気温は、21世紀末には6.4℃上昇すると言われている(3)。

気候変動は、遠い未来の話ではない。私たちの食を支える農業や漁業への影響は各地で既に見られている。適切な気候変動対策への取組みが、この先20年の飢餓に直面する人々の具体的な数を大きく左右する。日本のエネルギーと食のあり方を持続可能なものへと変えていくべき時は、今しかない。

「気候変動の影響がわかる写真集」
Fragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperColli(01 of20)
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Muir Glacier Shrinkage, Alaska, USA\nAugust 1941\n (credit:HarperCollins)
Muir Glacier Shrinkage, Alaska, USA(02 of20)
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September 2004\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Briksdalsbreen Glacier Retreat, Norway(03 of20)
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May 2004\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Briksdalsbreen Glacier Retreat, Norway(04 of20)
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July 2009\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Tidal Problems, Venice, Italy(05 of20)
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May 2008\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Tidal Problems, Venice, Italy(06 of20)
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November 2009\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Amazon Deforestation, Rondônia, Brazil(07 of20)
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January 2000\n\n\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Amazon Deforestation, Rondônia, Brazil(08 of20)
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January 2003\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Amazon Deforestation, Rondônia, Brazil(09 of20)
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January 2006\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Amazon Deforestation, Rondônia, Brazil(10 of20)
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January 2009\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Wildfire, Yellowstone National Park, USA(11 of20)
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August 1987\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Wildfire, Yellowstone National Park, USA(12 of20)
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August 1989\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Wildfire, Yellowstone National Park, USA(13 of20)
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July 1997\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Wildfire, Yellowstone National Park, USA(14 of20)
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September 2008\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshlands, Iraq(15 of20)
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May 2005\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshlands, Iraq(16 of20)
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June 2005\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Urbanization, Dubai, United Arab Emirates(17 of20)
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November 2000\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Urbanization, Dubai, United Arab Emirates(18 of20)
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November 2004\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Urbanization, Dubai, United Arab Emirates(19 of20)
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March 2007\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
Urbanization, Dubai, United Arab Emirates(20 of20)
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February 2010\r\n\r\n\r\nFragile Earth app pictures courtesy of HarperCollins (credit:HarperCollins)
気候変動で失われるかもしれないもの
Wine Tasting Parties(01 of25)
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Winegrowers in France\'s Champagne region and scientists have already seen changes in the past 25 years, reported The New York Times last year. They have \"noted major changes in their vineyards, including an increased sugar content in the grapes from which they make their wine, with a consequent decrease in acidity, and a harvest time that regularly comes two weeks earlier than it once did.\"\n\nLast year, the Telegraph reported that Bordeaux, one of the world\'s most famous wine-producing regions, may be \"unsuitable for wine-growing by 2050.\" \n\nYale Environment 360 explains that many European wines are tied to a specific geographical area, creating a problem for regions which may soon find themselves most suited to a new kind of grape. \n\nIn the U.S., researchers at Stanford University found that climate change could mean \"50% less land suitable for cultivating premium wine grapes in high-value areas of Northern California.\"\n\nA 2006 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that \"up to 81 percent\" of \"premium-wine-grape production area\" could decline in the U.S. by the end of this century, reported Wired. Without any adaptation measures, wine-grape production could disappear from \"many areas\" of the country.\n\nWired notes, \"By the law of supply and demand, that suggests the best wines of tomorrow will cost even more than the ridiculous amounts they fetch today.\" (credit:Getty)
Winnie The Pooh's Key Plot Point(02 of25)
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According to the USDA, bee populations are dropping nationwide. Wetter winters and rainy summers make it harder for bees to get out and about to collect, leaving them to starve or become malnourished and more prone to other diseases. This doesn\'t just mean a decline in honey. We rely on bees to pollinate crops. When bees disappear, many food crops could also die off. (credit:Flickr: Ano Lobb. @healthyrx)
Spring Break, Wohoo!(03 of25)
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As global temperatures rise this century, sea levels are also expected to increase. South Florida may be hit particularly hard.\n\nIf greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced, global sea levels could rise over three feet by 2100, with a six foot rise possible. The U.S. Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming notes:\n
This threatens to submerge Florida\'s coastal communities and economies since roughly 9 percent of the state is within 5 feet of the existing sea level. Rising sea level also threatens the beaches, wetlands, and mangrove forests that surround the state.
\n\nUniversity of Florida professor Jack Putz said in 2008, \"People have a hard time accepting that this is happening here,\" reported the Tampa Bay Times. Seeing dead palm trees and other impacts \"brings a global problem right into our own back yard,\" he added.\n\nClick here to see a map showing what different levels of sea level rise would look like for Florida and other states.
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Cute Baby Polar Bear Videos(04 of25)
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A November 2011 study found that polar bear litters are getting smaller as climate change causes sea ice decline. According to World Wildlife Fund, the study \"found that if spring sea ice break-up occurs one month earlier than usual, 40-73 percent of pregnant females could fail to bring cubs to term.\"\n\nThe National Snow and Ice Data Center found that in 2010, Arctic sea ice was at its lowest January level in 30 years.\n\nWith decreased sea ice, polar bears may have greater trouble finding food sources. This could lead to cannibalism, which has already been observed by photographers. Environmental photojournalist Jenny Ross told BBC News in 2011, \"There are increasing numbers of observations of it occurring, particularly on land where polar bears are trapped ashore, completely food-deprived for extended periods of time due to the loss of sea ice as a result of climate change.\" (credit:Getty)
PB&Js(05 of25)
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Thanks to a failing peanut crop due to last summer\'s scorching hot weather, there was a shortage of peanuts in supply at the end of 2011. If temperatures continue to rise, a jump in peanut butter prices is just the prelude to what could be in store for the beloved spread. (credit:Alamy)
Chocolate Cravings(06 of25)
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A report released by the International Center For Tropical Agriculture warns chocolate could become a luxury item if farmers don\'t adapt to rising temperatures in Ghana and the Ivory Coast, where a majority of the world\'s cocoa is grown.\n\nThe October 2011 report, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, \"calls for increased research into heat and drought resistant crops, and to help transition cocoa farming to new regions that will be suitable for production in the future,\" reported ThinkProgress. (credit:Flickr: John Loo)
Not Sneezing(07 of25)
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Bad news for allergy sufferers -- climate change, and specifically warmer temperatures, may bring more pollen and ragweed, according to a 2011 study from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.\n\nAlong with allergies, a changing climate may be tied to more infectious diseases. According to one study, climate change could affect wild bird migratory patterns, increasing the chances for human flu pandemics. Illnesses like Lyme disease could also become more prominent. (credit:Flickr: mcfarlandmo)
Keg Stands(08 of25)
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Famed for producing some of the world\'s best beer, Germany could suffer from a drop in production due to climate change-induced water shortages. Barley and hops can only be grown with water, and using cheaper alternatives like corn isn\'t possible in Germany because of strict regulations about what you can make beer with.\n\nResearch published earlier this year in the journal Nature Climate Change found that \"unless farmers develop more heat-tolerant corn varieties or gradually move corn production from the United States into Canada, frequent heat waves will cause sharp price spikes,\" reported The New York Times. Price spikes for U.S. corn could affect prices of American macrobrews made with an adjunct ingredient like corn. (credit:Flickr: khawkins04)
Valentine's Day Cliches(09 of25)
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With higher temperatures expected in northern latitudes in coming decades, the U.K. has begun a program to develop strawberries that will survive in higher temperatures with less water. Since chocolate also may be threatened, could sexy chocolate-covered strawberries, a Valentine\'s Day staple, be endangered?\n\nAccording to The Telegraph, Dr. David Simpson, a scientist with England\'s East Malling Research, said last year, \"Consumer demand for fresh strawberries in the UK has been growing year on year since the early 1990s. The British growers have done a great job of increasing their productivity to satisfy this demand between April and October. The future will be challenging due to the impacts of climate change and the withdrawal of many pesticides but the breeding programme at EMR is using the latest scientific approaches to develop a range of varieties that will meet the needs of our growers for the future.\" (credit:Getty File)
Coffeehouse Snobs(10 of25)
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Coffee lovers may want to get that caffeine fix before the treasured drink becomes a rare export. Starbucks raised the issue last year when the company\'s director of sustainability told The Guardian that climate change is threatening the supply chain for the Arabica coffee bean.\n\nStarbucks Sustainability Director Jim Hanna told the paper, \"What we are really seeing as a company as we look 10, 20, 30 years down the road - if conditions continue as they are - is a potentially significant risk to our supply chain, which is the Arabica coffee bean.\" (credit:Flickr: Marc_Smith)
Rudolph (And Donner And Blitzen)(11 of25)
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Reindeer, also known as \"caribou\" in North America, could face a difficult future in a warmer climate. According to U.S. News & World Report, \"Russell Graham, associate professor of geosciences and director of the Earth and Mineral Sciences Museum at Penn State University, says global warming will most harm the animals adapted to the coldest environments, primarily those accustomed to life in the Arctic.\"\n\nA 2008 study found that caribou in West Greenland are \"now arriving after peak foraging time, fewer calves are being born and more calves are dying,\" reported ScienceNews. (credit:Flickr: alana sise)
Yummy Pancake Breakfasts(12 of25)
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It may be a bit harder to drown your pancakes in maple syrup in the future, studies suggest.\n\nAccording to a 2010 Cornell University study, \"maple syrup production in the Northeast is expected to slightly decline by 2100, and the window for tapping trees will move earlier by about a month.\" Additionally, most maple syrup production south of Pennsylvania \"will likely be lost by 2100 due to lack of freezing.\"\n\nClick here to watch one farmer\'s fight to save New Hampshire\'s sugar maples. (credit:ShutterStock)
Gone Fishin'(13 of25)
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According to a 2002 study by the Natural Resources Defense Council and Defenders of Wildlife, a warming planet does not bode well for species that thrive in cold streams. The study found that \"global warming is likely to spur the disappearance of trout and salmon from as much as 18 to 38 percent of their current habitat by the year 2090.\"\n\nA 2011 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science produced \"models [which] forecast significant declines in trout habitat across the interior western United States in the 21st century,\" reported The New York Times.\n\nThe study claims, \"The decline will have significant socioeconomic consequences as recreational trout fisheries are valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars in the United States alone.\" (credit:Flickr: qmnonic)
NYC's Waterfront Real Estate (14 of25)
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According to a 2012 report from New Jersey-based nonprofit Climate Central, thousands of New York City residents may be at risk for severe coastal flooding as a result of climate change.\n\nClimate Central explains, \"the NY metro area hosts the nation\'s highest-density populations vulnerable to sea level rise.\" They argue, \"the funnel shape of New York Harbor has the potential to magnify storm surges already supplemented by sea level rise, threatening widespread areas of New York City.\" (credit:Flickr: wuestenigel)
The Best Part Of July 4th(15 of25)
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With droughts and wildfires hitting many parts of the U.S., municipalities from Colorado to Tennessee canceled July 4th public fireworks displays or banned personal fireworks this year, citing the fire hazards they posed.\n\nIn June, a study published in the journal Ecosphere found that almost all of North America will see more wildfires by 2100, reported Reuters. The study\'s lead author, Max Moritz, said, \"In the long run, we found what most fear - increasing fire activity across large areas of the planet.\" (credit:Getty File)
The Non-.com Amazon(16 of25)
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Along with deforestation, climate change also poses a serious threat to South America\'s Amazon rainforest.\n\nA 2009 study from the U.K. Met Office found that a global temperature rise of four degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels would cause 85 percent of the Amazon to die off in the next 100 years. Even a two degree Celsius rise would kill 20 to 40 percent of the rainforest, reported the Guardian.\n\nIn May, The Club of Rome think tank predicted a global average temperatures rise of \"2 degrees Celsius by 2052 and a 2.8 degree rise by 2080,\" reported Reuters. Jorgen Randers, author of the club\'s report, said, \"It is unlikely that governments will pass necessary regulation to force the markets to allocate more money into climate-friendly solutions, and (we) must not assume that markets will work for the benefit of humankind.\"\n\nHe added, \"We are emitting twice as much greenhouse gases every year as are absorbed by the world\'s forests and oceans. This overshoot will worsen and will peak in 2030.\" (credit:Getty)
Island Getaways(17 of25)
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As global sea levels rise during the 21st century, low-lying island nations like the Maldives could see their very existence threatened. With a three to six foot sea level rise predicted by 2100, nations like the Maldives could become uninhabitable, explained The New York Times.\n\nMaldives\' former president, Mohamed Nasheed, has been a tireless campaigner for the urgent need for countries to take action against climate change, arguing \"You can\'t pick and choose on science.\" (credit:Flickr: thetravelguru)
Ski Bums(18 of25)
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Although seasonal fluctuations occur and El Nino/La Nina weather patterns affect snowfall, global temperature rise may impact conditions for skiers and boarders.\n\n\"The long-term trend is less snow and earlier snowmelt. This means more frustration for snow sport enthusiasts and a negative impact on the snow sports industry,\" writes the Natural Resources Defense Council\'s Theo Spencer.\n\nIn May, a snow-less ski race was held in Aspen, Colorado to \"highlight the effect climate change has on the outdoor recreation industry,\" reported the Associated Press. (credit:Flickr: Klearchos Kapoutsis)
Thanksgiving Dinner Food Comas(19 of25)
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A 2010 paper in the journal Food Research International found that climate change may one day affect the cost and quality of traditional Thanksgiving dishes, reported Discovery News.\n\nFuture temperature rises could impact the quality of turkey meat. Additionally, foods like \"pumpkins, sweet potatoes, potatoes, grains [and] green beans ... will be sensitive to water shortages should they arise,\" study author Neville Gregory told Discovery News.\n\nIn fact, common Thanksgiving foods were impacted by weather events in 2011, with shortages and price spikes hitting over the holidays. (credit:Flickr: ilovebutter)
"Lady & The Tramp"-Like Scenes(20 of25)
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Scientists at the British Met Office warn that Italy may soon be forced to import the basic ingredients to make pasta because climate change will make it impossible to grow durum wheat domestically. The crop could almost disappear from the country later this century, scientists say. (credit:Flickr: CyboRoZ)
Super Duper Fast Wi-Fi Connection(21 of25)
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A 2011 report from the U.K.\'s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs found that climate change could affect certain infrastructure, like wireless internet. The Guardian reports, \"higher temperatures can reduce the range of wireless communications, rainstorms can impact the reliability of the signal, and drier summers and wetter winters may cause greater subsidence, damaging masts and underground cables,\" according to secretary of state for the environment.\n\nThe Guardian notes, \"The government acknowledges that the impact of climate change on telecommunications is not well understood, but the report raises a series of potential risks.\" (credit:Getty)
The Great Smoky Mountains' Smoke(22 of25)
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The Great Smoky Mountains have the most annual rainfall in the southeastern U.S., which mostly falls as a light, misty rain, explains OurAmazingPlanet.\n\nA study by a team from NASA\'s Precipitation Measurement Missions found that \"light rainfall is the dominant form of precipitation in the region, accounting for 50 to 60 percent of a year\'s total, governing the regional water cycle.\" \n\nOurAmazingPlanet notes: \n
The results suggest the area may be more susceptible to climate change than thought; as temperatures rise, more of the fine droplets from light rain will evaporate in the air and fail to reach the ground. Lower elevations will have to contend with not only higher temperatures, but less cloud cover.
(credit:Flickr: scmikeburton)
California Beach Bums(23 of25)
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Along the California coast, beach communities are finding that it may be impossible to stop coastal erosion as global sea levels rise. \n\nAccording to AP, David Revell, a senior coastal scientist at ESA PWA, acknowledged the relentless power of the sea, saying, \"I like to think of it as getting out of the way gracefully.\"\n\nA report released in June by the Natural Resources Defense Council found that West Coast ocean levels will rise several inches in the next few decades. Sea levels along the California coast are expected to be six inches higher by 2030 and three feet higher by the end of the century.\n\nDespite the risks, another recent NRDC study found that California is one of several states with the best plans to deal with the effects of climate change. (credit:Flickr: bdearth)
Repeats Of The Titanic(24 of25)
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2012 could be a record year for the extent of Arctic sea ice at its yearly summer minimum. Walt Meier, a research scientist at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center, said that with recent satellite observations, \"It definitely portends a low-ice year, whether it means it will go below 2007 (the record minimum in September), it is too early to tell,\" reported LiveScience.\n\nAs sea ice declines in the Arctic, countries are anticipating a competition for control of shipping lanes and mineral extraction in the region.\n\nIn Antarctica, research from the United States\' Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula has found that \"87 percent of the peninsula\'s land-bound glaciers are in retreat,\" reported OurAmazingPlanet.\n\nDecreasing sea ice levels were also addressed in a recent spoof of Shell\'s plans to drill for oil in the Arctic this summer. (credit:ARCTICREADY.COM)
Crazy Sugar Highs(25 of25)
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Climate change has already impacted sugarcane production in Indonesia. \n\nIn late 2011, the chairman of the Indonesian Sugarcane Farmers Association said, \"sugarcane production decreased by up to 30 percent in 2011 due to climate change that has occurred since 2009.\" \n (credit:ShutterStock)
So hat der Taifun "Haiyan" gewütet
Der Taifun "Haiyan" wütet an der philippinischen Küste(01 of16)
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Die Bilder der Katastrophe erinnern an den Tsunami 2004(02 of16)
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Die philippinischen Lokalbehörden gehen von mindestens 10.000 Toten aus(03 of16)
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Nach Angaben der Regierung brauchen 4,3 Millionen Menschen Hilfe(04 of16)
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Hunderttausende Menschen standen am Sonntag in Trümmerwüsten(05 of16)
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800.000 Menschen mussten flüchten(06 of16)
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Die Katastrophenhelfer stehen vor einer gigantischen Aufgabe(07 of16)
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Kilometerlange Trümmerwüsten ziehen sich durch das Land(08 of16)
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Abgelegene Ortschaften sind von der Außenwelt abgeschnitten(09 of16)
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Menschen versuchen ihr Hab und Gut zu retten(10 of16)
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Tausende Menschen suchen derzeit nach ihren Familienmitgliedern(11 of16)
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Die Bundesregierung kündigte 500.000 Euro als Soforthilfe an(12 of16)
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Hilfskräfte auf dem Weg in die Katastrophenregionen(13 of16)
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Ein Mann sucht in seinem Haus nach Habseligkeiten(14 of16)
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Menschen warten auf Hilfsgüter(15 of16)
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Eine Familie sucht nach einem Unterschlupf(16 of16)
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