『罪の手ざわり』ジャ・ジャンクー監督に聞く「微博」が変えた中国社会

ここ数年、実際に中国全土を揺るがした4つの事件を通じて、ひたむきに生きる等身大の人間たちを描き出した映画『罪の手ざわり』が5月31日、公開された。
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The Huffington Post

ここ数年、実際に中国全土を揺るがした4つの事件を通じて、ひたむきに生きる等身大の人間たちを描き出した映画『罪の手ざわり』が5月31日、公開された。

長江哀歌』でヴェネチア国際映画祭金獅子賞を受賞した名匠ジャ・ジャンクー監督(写真)が6年ぶりに手がけた『罪の手ざわり』は、第66回カンヌ国際映画祭脚本賞を受賞。スティーブン・スピルバーグ監督をはじめ、世界中で絶賛された。本作には、中国の実力派俳優や若手人気スターのほか新人俳優も共演している。

中国は高度経済成長をつづける一方、地方行政の腐敗や貧富の格差、若者の自殺などが社会問題となっている。監督は、なぜこの4つの事件を描いたのか。今回は、映画の生まれた背景や急速に変わりゆく中国社会について聞いた。

■北から南へ、4つの事件で中国全土を描く

映画は、4つの物語を通じて、罪を犯した彼らの心情や葛藤に寄り添っている。

村の共同所有だった炭坑の利益が実業家に独占されたことに怒った炭坑労働者。妻と子に「出稼ぎ」と嘘をついて、各地で強盗殺人を繰りかえす寡黙な男。単身赴任中の妻子ある男との恋に悩みながら、風俗サウナで受付嬢として働く女。そして縫製工場の仕事を辞め、働きはじめたナイトクラブのホステスに恋をする若者。

それぞれの物語に合わせて舞台は、中国全土を北から南へ移動していく。監督の生まれた中国北部の寒く広大な農業地帯・山西省から、南西部の揚子江沿いの都市へ。そして、中央部の湖北省を経て、南部の海岸沿いの亜熱帯地域、広東省の東莞へと展開する。

■監督が4つの事件を選んだ理由

監督は、4つの事件を選んだ理由を語った。「今までショッキングな事件を取り上げたことはなかったが、人のありふれた日常のなかに悲劇は起こる」として、なるべく異なる4つの事件を選んだという。

「最初の山西省の事件は、社会が生んだ暴力。司法・法律的な暴力です。みんなが取り合ってくれない、自分の行動を阻害される。そういった社会から生まれた事件です。ふたつめは、個人に根ざした暴力です。地方の窒息しそうな閉ざされた社会。そこに暮らしていても、生き生き暮らせない精神的な困難や、さみしさ。強盗や殺人を犯しますが、わりと個人に根ざした暴力です」

「3つめ、女性のストーリーは、一言でいうなら『尊厳』の問題。人間としての尊厳を傷つけられ、生きていく価値を守ろうとしたときに、自分が受けた暴力に対して、暴力が出てしまった。4つめは、隠された暴力。工場やナイトクラブの給料はどうなっているのか、誰が家族の家計を支えているのか。直接的ではない、隠された側面がありました」

■微博で世界とつながり、人をつながりを失った中国

中国の今を映し出す、中国版Twitter「微博」。Twitterの全世界のユーザーを上回る5億人以上が使っているといわれる。これらによって、情報統制が行われている中国の人たちのコミュニケーションにも変化が生まれているという。

「瞬時に、ひとつのことを、たくさんの人に伝えられる。そういう意味で、僕たちの世界は広がりました。一方で、現実で人とつながることを、忘れつつあります。中国では、家族で一緒にご飯を食べているのに、みんな下を向いて微博を見ているという四コマ漫画が話題になりました」

監督は、映画のパンフレットでも「微博を別にすれば、中国の社会はコミュニケーションの手段を欠いている」とコメントを寄せている。

中国では、一部の地域が利益を享受し、貧富の差は拡大。特権や社会的不正に直面し、人々は憂鬱になっている。そんな状況で、他者とコミュニケーションを欠いたとき「弱者は尊厳を守るために、最も安易で有効な方法として暴力という方法を選ぶ」と、監督は語る。

微博で取り上げられたいくつかの事件は、避けることが可能だったのではないか。これが、監督が映画で暴力と向き合うきっかけになったという。暴力が生まれた背景を描くことで、生活のなかの暴力を減じることができるのではないかと考えたのだ。

■中国の武任小説をもとに「流動」する人たちの暴力を描く

これまでの作品では、特定の地で行き場のない若者たちを描いてきた監督。本作では各地をさまよい「流動」する人たちの様子を描いている。

「暴力を、どうやって撮ろうかと考えているうちに、昔から僕らの国にある『武侠小説』を使って、中国の現代を表現してみようと思いました。この中国の武侠小説には、渡世人が登場します。みんなが流動していくんですね」

「生きている人は、絶えず自分の可能性を探して、動いていきます。出稼ぎのように、貧困地域から豊かな都市へ移動するのも流動ですし、西から東の沿岸側へ、方角的にも流動します。そんなところも映画で表現しましたが、観た人からは、『君の映画、困難な状況から、困難な状況で終わったね』っていわれました(笑)」

■事件が起きた背景を描くために「暴力」を描く

武侠小説や映画には、敵をやっつけたり復讐したりする、いわゆる暴力によるカタルシスが表現されるが、「罪の手ざわり」の暴力は、カタルシスではない。「僕の描いた暴力は、カタルシスが目的ではありません。なぜこの事件が起こったのか、その背景を理解したくて暴力を描きました」と監督は語る。

「僕自身は、映画のなかの自殺を選んだストーリーをつらいと感じます。あれは、はっきりしない暴力。人は誰かに傷つけられるし、誰かに暴力をふるっている。文明や人々に理性によって、少なくなったとしても、暴力はなくならない。暴力は、人間の本質的なところに根ざしているのだと思います」

「人は生きていくなかで、みんな無力感と戦っています。僕の場合は、映画をとることで無力感を解消していますが、たとえば重慶市の若者は、つまらない村の暮らしで命を輝かすことができなかった。ピストルが鳴る、そのときが気持ちよかった。間違った選択ですが、彼は、銃声を聞くことにロマンを感じたのです」

■事件の背景を考えるようになった中国の人たち

映画は、罪を犯した人たちに共感する視点で描かれており、中国社会が事件を生んだように感じられる。中国の世論は、映画と同じように彼らに共感したのだろうか。

「中国の世論も、罪を犯した彼らを理解しているんじゃないかと思います。なぜこれが起こったのかという事件の背景を考えるようになりました。人が生きていく社会は複雑だから、善悪だけではわからないと。もちろん、司法の上では結論が出ますが、映画を通して、また別の視点で、起きてしまった出来事を考えることは、いい機会なんじゃないかと思います」

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