ミャンマー総選挙、スーチー氏野党を圧勝させた「薄い期待感」とは?【現地報告・解説】

ミャンマーで行われた総選挙の結果、アウンサンスーチー氏主導の民主派政権が2016年春に発足することになった。フォトジャーナリスト宇田有三さんに、現地の様子や新政権の課題などを伝えてもらった。
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投票日を3日後に控え、内外約500人の報道陣を前に記者会見するアウンサンスーチー氏。 厳しい質問には厳しい表情で対応し、穏やかな質問には穏やかな表情で答えた

ミャンマーで行われた総選挙の結果、アウンサンスーチー党首が率いる最大野党NLD(国民民主連盟)が、上下院の過半数の議席を獲得して圧勝した。これにより、半世紀以上にわたって「軍人支配」が続いてきたミャンマーで、スーチー氏主導の民主派政権が2016年春に発足することになった。

ミャンマーで20年以上にわたって取材をしてきたフォトジャーナリスト宇田有三さん(52)は今回の総選挙も現地に飛んで取材した。11月8日の投票から1週間、現地の様子や新政権の課題は改めてどうなっているのか、宇田さんに現地の写真とともに伝えてもらった。

ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(01 of08)
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ロヒンギャ・ムスリムの難民キャンプ、井戸と洗濯場 (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(02 of08)
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投票日を3日後に控え、内外約500人の報道陣を前に記者会見するアウンサンスーチー氏。厳しい質問には厳しい表情で対応し、穏やかな質問には穏やかな表情で答えた (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(03 of08)
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アウンサンスーチー氏が自分の居住する地区の投票所(小学校)に姿を現した。投票室に入る前、退出時、終始硬い表情を崩さなかった (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(04 of08)
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アウンサンスーチー氏が、自身初めての投票を行う(前回1990年当時、自宅軟禁に置かれていたため) (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(05 of08)
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投票日の翌日、現在建築中の新しい党本部のバルコニーに姿を現したアウンサンスーチー氏 (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(06 of08)
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総選挙の投票日の翌日、NLD本部前には多くの市民とメディア関係者が集まった。アウンサンスーチー氏が姿を現し、スーチー氏のスピーチに合わせて歓声が沸き上がる (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(07 of08)
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総選挙から一夜明けた国民民主連盟(NLD)本部に現れたアウンサンスーチー氏。前日のこわばった表情は一転し、この日は笑顔が見られた (credit:宇田有三)
ミャンマー総選挙(宇田有三さん撮影)(08 of08)
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歴史的な総選挙の投票日から約1週間目の午後(14日)、NLD本部は閉じられており、「WE TRUST(我々は信頼している)」という文字の入った看板が立てられていた。本部前は、見物人や支援者の姿はほとんど見られることなく、閑散としていた。 (credit:宇田有三)

――現地で感じた国民の様子はどうでしたか。

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宇田有三さん=東京都千代田区

9月初旬に始まった選挙戦が後半戦に突入していた10月半ばに、最大都市ヤンゴンに入りました。選挙戦の様子を感じようと町歩きをして「おやっ」と思ったことがありました。NLDがボイコットした2010年の総選挙と、アウンサンスーチー氏が当選した2012年の補欠選挙に比べると、今回は選挙運動に盛り上がりに欠ける印象を受けたのです。ヤンゴンの人も選挙慣れしたのかなと感じました。あるいはその時すでに、選挙後に判明するNLD大勝を先取りするかのように、選挙結果の趨勢はすでに決まっていたのかもしれません。

ヤンゴンに暮らす知人に投票先を聞くと、ほぼ例外なく「NLDに決まっている」との答えが返ってきました。例外といえば、経済的に最も貧しい地域といわれる西部ラカイン州を訪れたときのことでしょう。そこではNLDを支持する声はそれほど大きくなく、ラカイン人を代表するANP(アラカン民族党)を支持する人が多かったです。また、ヤンゴンに入る前の10月初めにタイから陸路で入った南東部カレン州でも、カレン人の候補者を推す声がありました。

――アウンサンスーチー氏の会見に出席して、どんな印象を持ちましたか。

スーチー氏は投票日から3日前、自宅に国内外から500人ほどの報道陣を集めて記者会見を開きました。私がそこで「あれっ」と感じたことがあります。それは、選挙戦の疲れなのか、あるいは70歳という年齢を考えてか、スーチー氏は珍しく会見をずっと座って行ったということでした。ただ、そこはスーチー氏、記者とのやりとりは従来通り、自身が大統領に就任できないという憲法規定についてなどの厳しい質問には厳しい表情で答え、そうでない質問には余裕を持ってと笑みを浮かべながら受け答えしていました。

――NLDがこれほど大きな勝利を収めた理由は何でしょうか。

「ミャンマーは半世紀に及ぶ軍政を経験した」と簡単に表現できますが、実はそこには厳しい緊張を伴う生活実態がありました。単に軍からの暴力だけでなく、外国人には見えない住民同士の相互監視による緊張と恐怖と不信感があり、それが約半世紀も続いていたのです。

軍政下でのあの生活を終わらせてくれるなら……。多くの人はそう思ってNLDに投票したのだろうと思っていました。民政移管して5年が経ちましたが、多くの人はその厳しい経験を決して忘れていませんでした。だから人々は、必ずしもNLDの政策を考慮して積極的にNLDに投票したのではく、反軍政に対して「ノー」を突きつけたのです。ただ、アウンサンスーチー氏への敬愛と信頼と期待は「軍政への反感」以上のものがあり、NLDへの弱い期待感をかえって覆い隠してしまっていたとも言えるでしょうか。

――ミャンマーは今後、どうなると見ていますか。

ミャンマーが2011年3月に民政移管した際、民政移管後のテインセイン政権も、結局は最高権力者だったタンシュエ元議長が背後で糸を引くだろうと、多くの識者やジャーナリストたちと同じように私も想像していました。しかしその予想は見事に外れ、この国は大きな混乱や流血もなく、軍政から民政移管へと巧みに軟着陸しました。そういう反省から、今後どうなるのか……よく分からないというのが正直なところです。

――ミャンマーは多民族国家で、多数派のビルマ族を中心とした政府と少数民族との間に民族問題があります。

ミャンマーの問題は実のところ、民主化問題よりも民族問題だということができます。 政府と武装抵抗を続けていた少数民族とが停戦署名したといっても、停戦交渉の真っ最中でも北東部シャン州や北部カチン州でも銃火は鳴り止んでいませんでした。また今回停戦署名をめぐって少数民族側も立場が分かれ分裂し、彼らの立場も必ずしも一枚岩だといえません。総選挙の結果を受けて政権運営がNLD側に移ることになり、停戦署名発効後90日以内に政治交渉を始めるという条項がきちんと履行されていくのか、注視していく必要があります。

――イスラム教徒の少数民族ロヒンギャへの迫害は国際的な問題になっています。スーチー氏はどう取り組むのでしょうか。

少数民族問題に輪をかけて複雑なのが、ロヒンギャ・ムスリムの問題です。民政移管するまで、閉ざされた軍事独裁国家ミャンマーから正確な情報が伝えられることは少なかったですが、ロヒンギャ・ムスリムの存在が一例です。この問題は、軍政が自らに向いた人びとの反感をそらすために意図的に作り出した政治的な産物です。それがやがて、宗教対立や誤った民族対立として国内外に喧伝されてきました。テインセイン政権下で民政移管した後、この問題はさらに複雑になってしまいました。

アウンサンスーチー氏が率いる新政権が取り組まなければならないことは、ロヒンギャ・ムスリムの問題がなぜ起こり、解決することなくここまで引きずってしまっているのか見直すことです。さらに、国内外の報道機関や国際NGOも、ロヒンギャ・ムスリムの実態とその背景について、これまでの不正確な情報収集のあり方と不正確な発信を反省しなければならない時期に来ていると思います。

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総選挙の投票日の翌日、NLD本部前には多くの市民とメディア関係者が集まった。アウンサンスーチー氏が姿を現し、スーチー氏のスピーチに合わせて歓声が沸き上がった

■「重要3ポストは国軍系の人物に。スーチー氏がどう乗り切るか注目」 根本・上智大教授

ハフポスト日本版は、ビルマ現代史が専門の根本敬・上智大アジア文化研究所教授にも話を聞いた。根本氏は、NLDが過半数を占めた選挙結果について「想定通りの結果となりました。有権者の多くは、民政移管された2011年からのテインセイン大統領の4年間の業績ではなく、その前の1988年から23年間続いた軍政の期間を含む全期間の政治に対して評価を下したといえます。それは軍が政治に影響力を行使することへの拒否にほかなりません」と解説した。

さらに、今後予想される展開については「今後は、現行憲法では大統領になれないアウンサンスーチー氏が、だれを大統領に推すのか、そしてその大統領を彼女がどのようにコントロールするのかが注目されます。また、現行憲法では内務大臣、国防大臣、国境担当大臣を軍が指名できるため、NLD政権が成立してもこの重要3ポストは国軍系の人物が占めることになります。そのジレンマを彼女がどのように乗り切るのかについても注目が集まるでしょう」と指摘した。

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APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(31 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy Aung San Suu Kyi, with flowers in back of her hair, stands at a desk of a polling official at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(32 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi, is escorted through a crowd as she visits a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(33 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi, is escorted through a crowd as she visits a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(34 of47)
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Voters line up to cast their ballots at a polling station during the general elections Sunday, Nov 8, 2015, in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(35 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi visits a polling station on the outskirts Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(36 of47)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(37 of47)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(38 of47)
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A police officer stands guard as voters queue up outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(39 of47)
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Muslims stand in a line to cast their vote outside of a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(40 of47)
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Women stand in a line to enter a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(41 of47)
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People stand in a line to cast their vote outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(42 of47)
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Citizen\'s line up to vote at a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(43 of47)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early results of the ballot counting are posted on a giant screen outside the NLD headquarters Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(44 of47)
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A woman casts her vote in a polling station in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the military\'s longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Aung Shine Oo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(45 of47)
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An official of Union Election Commission displays ballot papers to representatives of political parties during the counting of votes at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(46 of47)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early voting results outside the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The Week That Was in Asia(47 of47)
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In this Nov. 8, 2015 file photo, Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, center, leaves after casting her ballot at a polling station in general election in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)