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日露戦争での最大の海戦「日本海海戦」から、5月27日に111年目を迎えた。日本の勝利を決定づけた歴史的海戦の様子を振り返る。
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日本海海戦 画像集
(01 of24)
5月27日早朝、バルチック艦隊との決戦に出撃する連合艦隊（「朝日」艦上より） (credit:Wikimedia)
(02 of24)
東城鉦太郎『三笠艦橋之圖』
右から左へ：伝令・玉木信介候補生、伝令・三浦忠一水、参謀・秋山真之中佐、聯合艦隊司令長官・東郷平八郎大将、測的係・長谷川清少尉候補生、参謀長・加藤友三郎少将、伝令・野口新蔵四水、砲術長・安保清種少佐、艦長・伊地知彦次郎大佐、砲術長付・今村信次郎中尉、航海長・布目満造中佐、参謀・飯田久恒少佐、航海士・枝原百合一少尉、伝令・山崎嚴亀\n (credit:Wikimedia)
右から左へ：伝令・玉木信介候補生、伝令・三浦忠一水、参謀・秋山真之中佐、聯合艦隊司令長官・東郷平八郎大将、測的係・長谷川清少尉候補生、参謀長・加藤友三郎少将、伝令・野口新蔵四水、砲術長・安保清種少佐、艦長・伊地知彦次郎大佐、砲術長付・今村信次郎中尉、航海長・布目満造中佐、参謀・飯田久恒少佐、航海士・枝原百合一少尉、伝令・山崎嚴亀\n (credit:Wikimedia)
Russian guns aimed at Japanese ship(03 of24)
Russian guns aimed at Japanese ship (credit:Photos.com via Getty Images)
Russo-Japanese War 1904/1905 Destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet (front) by the Japanese in the Battle of Tsushima on 27.-28.05.1905) - drawing - Vintage property of ullstein bild(04 of24)
(GERMANY OUT) Russo-Japanese War 1904/1905 Destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet (front) by the Japanese in the Battle of Tsushima on 27.-28.05.1905) - drawing - Vintage property of ullstein bild (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) (credit:ullstein bild via Getty Images)
(05 of24)
ロシア・バルチック艦隊の装甲巡洋艦「アドミラル・ナヒーモフ」（１９０５年５月２８日沈没）［史料調査会「海軍文庫」より］ (credit:時事通信社)
Battle of Tsushima, May 1905. Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan, 20th century.(06 of24)
Battle of Tsushima, May 1905. Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan, 20th century. (credit:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY via Getty Images)
Battle Of Tsushima(07 of24)
Russian and Japanese warships clash in the Straits of Tsushima, at the Battle of Tsushima during the Russo-Japanese War, 27th-28th May 1905. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
戦艦「三笠」(08 of24)
The \'Mikasa\', a battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy, circa 1915. She served as the flagship of Admiral Togo Heihachiro during the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. (Photo by Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Fox Photos via Getty Images)
Russo-Japanese War 1904/1905 Heavily damaged Russian battleship Oryol (that surrendered to Japanese forces in the Battle of Tsushima on 27.-28.05.1905) - Vintage property of ullstein bild(09 of24)
(GERMANY OUT) Russo-Japanese War 1904/1905 Heavily damaged Russian battleship Oryol (that surrendered to Japanese forces in the Battle of Tsushima on 27.-28.05.1905) - Vintage property of ullstein bild (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) (credit:ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Admiral Yashiro Boards the Asami(10 of24)
JAPAN - CIRCA 1900: Admiral Yashiro Boards the Asami. He was Commander of the armored cruiser Azuma during the Russo-Japanese War, Yashiro earned a reputation as a cool-headed and intelligent battle commander in skirmishes against the Russian cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Korietz in the Battle of Chemulpo Bay on 9 February 1904 as well as taking part in the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. (Photo by Buyenlarge/Getty Images) (credit:Buyenlarge via Getty Images)
Admiral Heihachiro Togo (1847-1934), who destroyed Russian fleet at Battle of Tsushima (1905), Russo-Japanese War, Japan, 20th century(11 of24)
Admiral Heihachiro Togo (1847-1934), who destroyed the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima (1905). Russo-Japanese War, Japan, 20th century. (credit:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY via Getty Images)
Admiral Togo(12 of24)
17th May 1903: Japanese Admiral Togo directs naval operations in the Battle of Tsushima from the bridge of the Mikasa. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Japanese naval squadron steaming to bombard Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905.(13 of24)
Japanese naval squadron steaming to bombard Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. The Russo-Japanese War arose due to the two countries\' conflicting territorial ambitions in East Asia. When the Russians reneged on an agreement to withdraw troops from Manchuria, the Japanese embarked on a lengthy siege of the Russian-leased city of Port Arthur in Manchuria. Port Arthur surrendered in January 1905, and a combination of incompetence on the part of Russian commanders and the decisive victory for the Japanese navy at the Battle of Tsushima forced the Russians to the negotiating table. The outcome of the war was Japan gaining effective control of Korea and much of Manchuria. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images) (credit:Print Collector via Getty Images)
Battle of Tsushima between Russian and Japanese fleets, May 1905, Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan(14 of24)
Battle of Tsushima between the Russian and Japanese fleets, May 1905. Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan, 20th century. (credit:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY via Getty Images)
Battle of Tsushima, May 1905, Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan, 20th century(15 of24)
Battle of Tsushima, May 1905. Russo-Japanese War, South Korea-Japan, 20th century. (credit:DEA / G. NIMATALLAH via Getty Images)
The Japanese battleship Mikasa, postcard. Russo-Japanese War, 20th century.(16 of24)
The Japanese battleship Mikasa, postcard. Russo-Japanese War, 20th century. (credit:DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI via Getty Images)
東郷平八郎(17 of24)
Heihachiro Togo (1847-1934) Japanese naval commander. Commander-in-Chief of Japanese Navy during Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. (Photo by: Photo12/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Photo 12 via Getty Images)
Borodino Battle(18 of24)
28th May 1905: Sailors on the deck of the stricken Russian battleship Borodino, sunk by the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Japanese naval squadron steaming to bombard Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905.(19 of24)
Japanese naval squadron steaming to bombard Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. The Russo-Japanese War arose due to the two countries\' conflicting territorial ambitions in East Asia. When the Russians reneged on an agreement to withdraw troops from Manchuria, the Japanese embarked on a lengthy siege of the Russian-leased city of Port Arthur in Manchuria. Port Arthur surrendered in January 1905, and a combination of incompetence on the part of Russian commanders and the decisive victory for the Japanese navy at the Battle of Tsushima forced the Russians to the negotiating table. The outcome of the war was Japan gaining effective control of Korea and much of Manchuria. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images) (credit:Print Collector via Getty Images)
Battle Of Tsushima(20 of24)
Admiral Heihachiro Togo (1948 - 1934, centre, right) on the bridge of the Japanese flagship Mikasa at the Battle of Tsushima during the Russo-Japanese War, 27th-28th May 1905. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
東郷平八郎(21 of24)
(GERMANY OUT) Heihachiro Togo, Admiral, JapanFull-length in uniformPhotographer: Atlantic (Photo by Atlantic-Press/ullstein bild via Getty Images) (credit:ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Crown Prince Hirohito And Togo Heihachiro(22 of24)
Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan (left) and Admiral Togo Heihachiro aboard the Japanese ship Mikasa, February 12th 1920. (Photo by Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Keystone via Getty Images)
The grand tea master Sen Genshitsu serve(23 of24)
YOKOSUKA, JAPAN: The grand tea master Sen Genshitsu serves a mass tea ceremony before a statue of Admiral Togo and battle ship Mikasa at Yokosuka port, suburban Tokyo 24 May 2005 during a commemorative ceremony for the Battle of Tsushima victims in a series of commemorations for the 100th anniversary of Japan-Russo War. AFP PHOTO/Shingo ITO (Photo credit should read SHINGO ITO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:SHINGO ITO via Getty Images)
Battleship Mikasa and Statue of Togo Heihachiro in Mikasa Park, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan(24 of24)
Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan (credit:MIXA via Getty Images)
1904年2月に日露戦争が始まると、ロシアは同年10月、日本海軍の撃破と輸送路の分断を狙い、軍艦38隻からなるバルチック艦隊を極東のウラジオストクに向かわせた。
ロジェストヴェンスキー司令長官率いるロシア艦隊は1905年5月27日に対馬海峡に到達。これを事前に想定していた連合艦隊は午前6時21分、「敵艦見ユ。（中略）本日天気晴朗ナレドモ波高シ」と大本営に打電。対馬沖でバルチック艦隊を迎え撃った。連合艦隊は、旗艦「三笠」に掲げられたZ旗を合図に戦闘を開始。これは後世、慣用句「Z旗を掲げる」の由来となった。
バルチック艦隊は、半年にわたる長距離航海で物資・士気の消耗もあり苦戦。これに対し東郷平八郎司令長官率いる連合艦隊は、参謀の秋山真之が考案した「丁字戦法」を採用。事前の訓練の効果もあり、戦闘を優位に進めた。2日間の激しい砲撃戦の末、ロシア側に壊滅的打撃を与えた。バルチック艦隊38隻のうち、ウラジオストクに入港できたのはわずか4隻だった。この海戦で、日露戦争における日本の勝利が事実上確定した。
日本海海戦の勝利を記念し、1906年に毎年5月27日を「海軍記念日」とすることが制定されたが、この記念日は第2次世界大戦後に廃止された。