ボコ・ハラムから救出された少女たち、故郷で待っていた過酷な現実とは

イスラム過激派組織「ボコ・ハラム」に誘拐された女性たちは、後にナイジェリア軍によって救出されたとしても、その苦しみが終わることはない。
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イスラム過激派組織「ボコ・ハラム」に誘拐された女性たちは、後にナイジェリア軍によって救出されたとしても、その苦しみが終わることはない。

国連児童基金(ユニセフ)と、紛争予防に従事するNGOのインターナショナル・アラートが2月に発表した報告書によると、ボコ・ハラムに誘拐された女性たちは、故郷に戻ると多くの場合、自分の家族や地域社会から拒絶されていることが明らかになった。

「多くの女性は、性的暴力をめぐる社会的文化的な規範のため、家族や地域社会のメンバーからの社会的排斥や差別、拒絶に直面しています」。この報告書はこう述べた。

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2015年5月5日、マルコヒ難民キャンプで座っているボコ・ハラムからナイジェリア兵士に救出された少女たち。彼女たちはナイジェリア軍に救出された275人のグループの中にいた。この難民キャンプには5月2日に到着した。

この報告書は特に、ナイジェリア北東部ボルノ州の州都にある地域社会を取り上げている。この地域では、ボコ・ハラムの暴力によって立ち退かされた人の約95%が生活している。

女性たちが故郷に戻ってくることを家族が歓迎しない2つの大きな理由がある。1つ目は、地域社会のメンバーが、彼女たちはボコ・ハラムの影響で政治的に過激な思想を持っているかもしれない、と疑って不信感をもっているからだ。2つ目は、性的暴行を受けた汚名のため、女性たちが故郷に戻っても村八分されているからだ。

「最近、ナイジェリア全土で女性の自爆テロが増加していることは、ボコ・ハラムと接した女性や少女が、この地域の不安定化に力を貸しているという信念を広く強めるものなのです」。報告書はこう記した。

2週間前、ボコ・ハラムの反政府活動で強制退去させられた人々がいるナイジェリア難民キャンプで、2人の女性の自爆テロによって、60人以上が殺害された。

過激主義の恐怖の背景には、性的暴行を受けた女性への否定的な見方がある。

この報告書は「闘争中に性的暴力を経験したすべての女性と少女たちは、地域社会からの汚名に直面しています」と指摘。「しかし、選択か力づくかのどちらであろうと、砦...に住んでいる拉致被害者として、または戦闘員の『妻』として...[ボコ・ハラム]と関連のあった人たちに対する潜在的な拒絶反応はかなり深刻になってきているのです」と述べた。

故郷に戻ると、事実上、彼女たちは3度の被害者になる。1度目はボコ・ハラムによる誘拐、2度目は性的暴行と、時には監禁中に耐え忍ぶ強制結婚や強制妊娠、そして3度目は家族の元に戻ると、夫や友人、そして地域社会のメンバーによって拒絶されることだ。

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マルコヒ難民キャンプで寄付された衣服を貰うために列に並ぶ少女たち。彼女たちはボコ・ハラムからナイジェリア兵士に救出された。

これらの苦難の中で、被害者の支援、性的暴行にまつわる汚名の軽減、そして誘拐された女性や子供たちの地域社会への復帰のため、懸命に仕事に取り組んでいる現地の活動団体がある。

ナイジェリア・ムスリム女性協会連合は、国内避難民キャンプの被害者とのセミナーを開催し、被害者が自分たちの体験を共有できる場を提供、長期間の支援ができる専門家に彼女たちを紹介している。

「心理社会的なサポートを提供するため、私たちはこのキャンプにやって来ています」。ナイジェリア・ムスリム女性協会連合のスタッフはハフポストUS版に述べた。「これらの女性たちは精神的な傷を負っているのですが、今では遠慮せずに自分たちのつらい経験を話してくれるようになってきました」。

「女性たちの多くは妊娠、あるいは新生児や小さな子供たちを抱えて故郷に戻ってくるのです」とインターナショナル・アラートの平和構築アドバイザー、キマイリス・トゥーグッドさんはハフポストUS版に語った。女性たちは体験を共有した後、国際移住機関ナイジェリア女性法律家国際連合セーブ・ザ・チルドレンといった機関の専門家に紹介される。これらの機関はすべて、ワークショップを含め、様々な支援サービスを提供し続けている。

「これらは素晴らしい取り組みだと思います。女性たちが自分自身を表現するプラットフォームを提供してくれますから」。インターナショナル・アラートのプロジェクトマネジャー、アルバート・ユースフさんはこう述べた。「そうは言っても、しなければならないことの規模の面では、大いに不足していますね」。

2012年以降、ボコ・ハラムに誘拐された女性や子供たちは、推定で500人から2000人いるとみられている。スタッフによると、これまでにナイジェリア・ムスリム女性協会連合は3つのワークショップを催し、約122人の女性にサービスを提供してきたという。そして、さらに5つのセッションを開催する予定だ。

「うまくいっている方法は、女性が女性に話しかけることです」と、トゥーグッドさんは語った。「この方法だと、女性が自分の体験を共有して、腰掛けて、何杯かコーヒーを飲んで、喋ることができるのです。そうすることで、汚名を晴らす作用がありますし、女性が力を得たように感じることができるのです」。

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ワークショップを行っているナイジェリア・ムスリム女性協会連合の宗教的リーダー。

国内避難民キャンプで活動している別のグループに、ヘルワ・コミュニティ・イニシアチブがある。彼らは、性的暴力にまつわる汚名挽回のため、地域社会や被害者と協力して動いている。

「女性や少女たちはサポートを必要としています」。トゥーグッドさんはこう話した。「しかし、サポートを得て、汚名を取り除くには、地域社会や男性の力も必要なのです」。

ヘルワは、性的暴力にまつわる認識を変えるため、ボコ・ハラムから性的暴力を受けた者と、地域社会のメンバー間の会話を促している。

このグループは約50人を集めて、彼女たちの経験について質問し、地域社会の中での性的暴力にまつわる否定的な見方を探る。特に、ボコ・ハラムの拉致被害者のことについてだ。

セッション中、スタッフは、誘拐された女性や少女たちが地域社会に戻って来たら進んで受け入れるかどうか、決まってたずねる。

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イスラム過激派組織「ボコ・ハラム」からナイジェリア兵士に救出された女性。

その答えは、地域社会によって大きく異なる。

「いくつかの地域社会では受け入れるだろうと言う人もいれば、別の地域社会では受け入れないだろうと言う人もいます。でも、会話を通じて、みんな自分の見解を自由に表現することができます。そして、問題が解決されるまで、みんな席を立とうとはしません」と、ヘルワのスタッフメンバーはハフポストUS版に述べた。「セッションの開始時には、多くの人が -- 生存者も含めて -- 誘拐されていた女性を受け入れないだろうと言っています。でも、セッションが終わる頃には、一部の人が自分たちの意見を進んで変えるようになります」。

しかし、性的暴力で生まれた子供については、楽観的な話ではない。

この報告書によると、誘拐された母親の赤ちゃんや(よちよち歩きの)幼児は、拒絶されたり、棄てられたり、あるいは母親よりもさらに高い割合で虐待されたりしているという。彼らは、「悪い血」を受け継いでいると認識されているからだ。

「断固として子供たちを受け入れないだろう、というキャンプがいくつかあります」と、ヘルワのスタッフメンバーは語った。「まだ、記憶に生々しいですから」。

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ボコ・ハラムからナイジェリア兵士に救出された栄養失調の子供。自由になった人質は精神的に傷を負っていて、厳しい試練で栄養失調になっている、と軍当局者は述べた。

子供たちを拒絶することは理解しがたいように思えるが、厳しい現実から生じている。ボコ・ハラムが若いメンバーを募集すると、彼らは自分たちの忠誠心を証明させるため、若いメンバーに任務を与えるのです、とヘルワのスタッフメンバーは説明した。彼らの任務には、自分たちの身近にいる人を殺害することも含まれている可能性がある。

この報告書では、女性や少女たちが監禁から戻って、自分たちの両親を殺害する説明箇所もある。

「ボコ・ハラムの支配型組織によってテストされた反乱者の話を聞いたことがあります」と、スタッフメンバーが詳述した。「ボコ・ハラムは、少年に母親を連れてくるように求めたのです。行くべきではない、と地域社会のリーダーは母親に告げましたが、母親は(ボコ・ハラムの場所へ)向かいました。少年は、母親を射殺するように言われ、そうしたのです」。

誘拐された女性や少女たちとの関係を再構築できる信念を地域社会が示した一方で、子供たちの恐怖や疑念が少なくなることはありそうもない、とこの報告書は述べている。

報告書は、女性へのヘルスケアや緊急避妊の提供を含め、女性や子供たちの円滑な復帰を地域社会が保証するために、非政府組織や政府が取るべきステップを説明している。女性が自分自身と自分の家族を支えるために利用できる雇用機会の創出。拒絶され、棄てられた子供たちをサポートするためのプログラムの開発などだ。

Open Image Modal

2015年5月5日、マルコヒ難民キャンプで座っている、ボコ・ハラムからナイジェリア兵士に救出された子供たち。この子供たちはボコ・ハラムのグループから救出された女性と子供たち、約700人の中の2人だ。

この記事はハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。

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Nigeria women and mothers of the kidnapped girls of Chibok stage a sit-in after a march calling for their freedom in Abuja on April 30, 2014. Nigerian protesters marched on parliament today to demand the government and military do more to rescue scores of schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamists more than two weeks ago. Dubbed \'a million woman march\' and promoted on Twitter under #BringBackOurGirls, the protest was not expected to draw a massive crowd and turn-out was hindered by heavy rain in the capital Abuja. But several hundred women and men, mostly dressed in red, marched through the rain towards the National Assembly carrying placards that read \'Find Our Daughters.\' AFP PHOTO / PHILIP OJISUA (Photo credit should read PHILIP OJISUA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PHILIP OJISUA via Getty Images)
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A woman in purdah holds a sign as she takes part in a rally called by members of Lagos\' based civil society groups, for the release of the kidnapped Chibok school girls, outside the state government house in Lagos, Nigeria, on May 5, 2014. Boko Haram on May 5 claimed the abduction of hundreds of schoolgirls in northern Nigeria that has triggered international outrage, threatening to sell them as \'slaves\'. \'I abducted your girls,\' the Islamist group\'s leader Abubakar Shekau said in the 57-minute video obtained by AFP, referring to the 276 students kidnapped from their boarding school in Chibok, Borno state, three weeks ago. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAP(27 of60)
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Members of civil society groups hold banners and shout slogans as they protest the abduction of Chibok school girls during a rally pressing for the girls\' release in Abuja on May 6, 2014, ahead of World Economic Forum. Members of civil society groups marched through the streets of Abuja and to the Nigerian defence headquarters to meet with military chiefs, to press for the release of more than 200 Chibok school girls abducted three weeks ago. Suspected Boko Haram Islamists have kidnapped eight more girls from Nigeria\'s embattled northeast, residents said on May 6, after the extremist group\'s leader claimed responsibility for abducting more than 200 schoolgirls last month and said in a video he was holding them as \'slaves\' and threatened to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO/PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
Bring Our Girls Back Protest at the Nigerian Embassy in Washington, DC(28 of60)
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WASHINGTON, DC - MAY 6: \nDemonstrators gather in front of DC\'s Nigeria Embassy on Tuesday, May 6, 2014, in Washington, DC. The demonstrators are pushing the Nigerian government to find and free 276 girls who were kidnapped on April 14 from their dormitories at the Government Girls Secondary School in Chibok, Nigeria. All reports allege that the kidnappings are the handiwork of Boko Haram, who oppose the education of girls. There have been protests at embassies around the world, fueld by social media outrage.\n (Photo by Jahi Chikwendiu/The Washington Post via Getty Images) (credit:The Washington Post via Getty Images)
NIGER-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAP-WOMEN-VIOLENCE(29 of60)
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Women sit as they gather on May 8, 2014 during a meeting called by Congafen (the Coordination of the NGOs and Nigerien women associations) at the Youth house in Niamey, western Niger, to ask the United Nations (UN) to pursue in justice Boko Haram Islamists who are responsible for the abduction of more than 200 schoolgirls. Nigeria\'s president said today that Boko Haram\'s mass abduction of the schoolgirls in Nigeria would mark a turning point in the battle against the Islamists, as world powers joined the search to rescue the hostages. A few days before Boko Haram chief Abubakar Shekau claimed responsibility in a video, saying his extreme Islamist group was holding the schoolgirls as \'slaves\' and threatening to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO / BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
NIGER-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAP-WOMEN-VIOLENCE(30 of60)
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Women sit as they gather on May 8, 2014 during a meeting called by Congafen (the Coordination of the NGOs and Nigerien women associations) at the Youth house in Niamey, western Niger, to ask the United Nations (UN) to pursue in justice Boko Haram Islamists who are responsible for the abduction of more than 200 schoolgirls. Nigeria\'s president said today that Boko Haram\'s mass abduction of the schoolgirls in Nigeria would mark a turning point in the battle against the Islamists, as world powers joined the search to rescue the hostages. A few days before Boko Haram chief Abubakar Shekau claimed responsibility in a video, saying his extreme Islamist group was holding the schoolgirls as \'slaves\' and threatening to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO / BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
Protest against kidnapped Nigerian girls in Johannesburg(31 of60)
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JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA - MAY 8: Hundreds of people gather outside the Nigerian Consulate in Rivonia, Johannesburg, on May 8, 2014 during a protest against the Nigerian government\'s inability to help the more than 200 school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in the Northern Nigerian town of Chibok on the 14 April 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. Boko Haram militants abducted an estimated 276 schoolgirls from the Chibok Government Girls Secondary School in Borno State 24 days ago. (Photo by Ihsaan Haffejee/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Bring Back Our Girls Protest in South Africa(32 of60)
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CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - MAY 8: (SOUTH AFRICA OUT) South African\'s protest in support of the 276 schoolgirls who were abducted in Nigeria on May 8, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa. The protest was part of the \'Bring back our girls\' global campaign. The girls were abducted from a boarding school in Chibok, Nigeria by Islamist terrorist group, Boko Haram on April 14, 2014. (Photo by Dino Lyod/Gallo Images/Getty Images) (credit:Gallo Images via Getty Images)
London Protest Against The Kidnapping Of More Than 200 Nigerian Girls(33 of60)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - MAY 09: Protesters calling for the release of a group of abducted Nigerian schoolgirls gather outside Nigeria House on May 9, 2014 in London, England. 276 schoolgirls were abducted from their boarding school on 14 April, 2014 in the town of Chibok in north-eastern Borno state in Nigeria. The abductions have sparked protests around the world calling for the release of the girls who are being held by the militant group Boko Haram. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Dan Kitwood via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(34 of60)
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Former French first lady Carla Bruni (C) and French navigator Maud Fontenoy (Rear-R) take part to a demonstration for the release of the Nigerian schoolgirls held hostage by the Islamists in Nigeria, on May 13, 2014 on the Trocadero plaza in Paris. Conditions set out by Boko Haram\'s leader for the release of the Nigerian schoolgirls held hostage by the Islamists may lead to a deal that sees the girls freed, analysts said Monday. AFP PHOTO / FRED DUFOUR (Photo credit should read FRED DUFOUR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRED DUFOUR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-BRITAIN(35 of60)
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Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan (R) speaks with British High Commissioner to Nigeria, Andrew Pocock (L), during a meeting at the presidential villa in Abuja on May 14, 2014. Britain has offered Nigeria a surveillance plane and a military team to help with the search for more than 200 missing schoolgirls abducted a month ago by Boko Haram militants, the British Prime Minister said today. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(36 of60)
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Activists from a coalition of more than 40 African women organisations march on May 15, 2014 in the streets of Kenya\'s capital Nairobi demanding the release of more than 200 schoolgirls abducted from schools in nothern Nigeria by muslim extremist group Boko-haram. The Islamist group, whose name roughly translates from the Hausa language spoken widely in northern Nigeria as \'Western education is forbidden\' claimed responsibility for kidnapping more than 200 schoolgirls, threatening to sell them like slaves and force them into marriage unless Nigeria freed militants held in the country\'s jails. Nigeria\'s President has ruled out today the release of Boko Haram fighters in exchange for the freedom of the schoolgirls kidnapped by the militants a month ago. AFP PHOTO/ TONY KARUMBA (Photo credit should read TONY KARUMBA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TONY KARUMBA via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-AFRICA-SECURITY-SUMMIT-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(37 of60)
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Nigeria\'s president Goodluck Jonathan (L) and French President Francois Hollande shake hands after a family picture during an African security summit to discuss the threat of Nigerian Islamist militant group Boko Haram to the regional stability, at the Elysee Palace in Paris on May 17, 2014. West African leaders met with French President Francois Hollande to bolster cooperation with Nigeria in its battle against Boko Haram Islamists after the abduction of 200 schoolgirls shocked the world. AFP PHOTO / ALAIN JOCARD (Photo credit should read ALAIN JOCARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ALAIN JOCARD via Getty Images)
FRANCE-POLITICS-NIGERIA-SUMMIT(38 of60)
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Nigeria\'s president Goodluck Jonathan (L) and French president Francois Hollande give a press conference following a summit on the threat from Islamist sect Boko Haram at the Elysee palace, on May 17, 2014 in Paris. AFP PHOTO/ ALAIN JOCARD (Photo credit should read ALAIN JOCARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ALAIN JOCARD via Getty Images)
ICOAST-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(39 of60)
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A woman holds a sign to call for the release of more than 200 schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram militants on May 19, 2014 during a sit-in organised by Human Rights organisations in Abidjan. The \'#bringbackourgirls\' slogan has become a huge global phenomenon following the abductions, albeit controversial, as world and opinion leaders get involved under its banner on social media to aggitate for the release of the girl-students by the islamist militants who continued their rampage by razing two schools in Bauchi state, northern Nigeria, where Boko Haram gunmen previously attacked a girls\' school. AFP PHOTO/ SIA KAMBOU (Photo credit should read SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:SIA KAMBOU via Getty Images)
Nigerians rally for missing schoolgirls(40 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - MAY 22: A group of people demand release of Nigerian school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in capital Abuja, Nigeria on May 22, 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. (Photo by Nacer Talel/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Nigerians rally for missing schoolgirls(41 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - MAY 22: A group of people demand release of Nigerian school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in capital Abuja, Nigeria on May 22, 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. (Photo by Nacer Talel/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-RELIGION-ISLAM-CHRISTIANITY(42 of60)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY BEN SIMON\nA view of a road and shops at the Terminus market near the site of the May 20, 2014 twin car bombings carried out by Islamist Boko Haram insurgents, in Jos, central Nigeria, on June 4, 2014. Jos, the capital of Plateau state, is the key city in Nigeria\'s Middle Belt, which splits the predominately Muslim north from the mostly Christian south. Discrimination exists across Nigeria between Muslims and Christians in their respective areas of influence, and Jos has beared witness to sporadic bursts of sectarian killings since 2001, including major unrest in 2008 and 2010, after Nigeria\'s federal government appointed a Hausa-speaking Muslim to an influential post. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-RELIGION-ISLAM-CHRISTIANITY(43 of60)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY BEN SIMON\nSecurity guards and officers inspect the site of the May 20,2014 twin car bombings carried out by Islamist Boko Haram insurgents near the Terminus market in Jos, central Nigeria, on June 4, 2014. Jos, the capital of Plateau state, is the key city in Nigeria\'s Middle Belt, which splits the predominately Muslim north from the mostly Christian south. Discrimination exists across Nigeria between Muslims and Christians in their respective areas of influence, and Jos has beared witness to sporadic bursts of sectarian killings since 2001, including major unrest in 2008 and 2010, after Nigeria\'s federal government appointed a Hausa-speaking Muslim to an influential post. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(44 of60)
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People gather to look at a burnt car following a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(45 of60)
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Rescue workers work to put out a fire following a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(46 of60)
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People gather to look at a burnt vehicles at the site of a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(47 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai gives a press conference on July 14, 2014 after meeting with the Nigerian president in Abuja. Malala on July 14 urged Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(48 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (2nd R) shakes hands on July 14, 2014 with Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan (R) next to her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai (2nd L), and Malala Fund committee member Shiza Shahid (L) at the State House in Abuja. Malala on July 14 urged Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL\n (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(49 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (C) speaks with Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (L) as Foreign Minister Viola Onwuliri (R) stands by on July 14, 2014 at the State House in Abuja. Malala on July 14 met with Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan and urged him to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(50 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (2nd R) listens to Malala Fund committee member Shiza Shahid (2nd L) as she arrives on July 14, 2014 at the State House in Abuja to meet the Nigerian president. Malala on July 14 urged President Goodluck Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai in Nigeria(51 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - JULY 13: Pakistani campaigner for education right Malala Yousafzai (R) meets with the families of the Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Boko Haram militants in Abuja, Nigeria on July 13, 2014. Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani schoolgirl shot in the head by the Taliban in October 2012 for campaigning for better rights for girls. (Photo by stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(52 of60)
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Some of the Chibok schoolgirls who escaped their Boko Haram Islamist captors wait to meet the Nigerian president at the presidency in Abuja on July 22, 2014. A delegation of more than 150 people from Chibok, including some of the 57 girls who escaped their Islamist captors, parents of the hostages as well as Chibok community leaders met President Goodluck Jonathan and other top officials of the government for the first time since the girls were seized. AFP PHOTO/WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
Nigerian president meets abducted schoolgirls' parents(53 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - JULY 22: Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan (not seen) has met some of the parents of Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram militants in the country\'s northeastern region, a full 99 days after the mass abduction, and 51 of the 57 classmates who managed to escape from their captors, in Abuja, Nigeria on July 22, 2014. (Photo by Macjohn Akande/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-RELIGION-ISLAM-EID(54 of60)
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Nigerian Muslims pray on July 28, 2014 at the National Stadium parking lot in Lagos, during celebrations of Eid al-Fitr which marks the end of the fasting holy month of Ramadan. A female suicide bomber killed several people in northern Nigeria\'s Kano city on July 28, witnesses said, after weekend violence blamed on Boko Haram forced authorities to cancel festivities marking a major Muslim holiday. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-RELIGION-ISLAM-EID(55 of60)
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A young Muslim holding her prayer rug arrives on July 28, 2014 at the National Stadium\'s parking lot, in Surulere, Lagos, during celebrations of Eid al-Fitr which marks the end of the fasting month of Ramadan. A female suicide bomber killed several people in northern Nigeria\'s Kano city today, witnesses said, after weekend violence blamed on Boko Haram forced authorities to cancel festivities marking a major Muslim holiday. Muslims around the world are celebrating Eid al-Fitr this week, marking the end of the holy month of Ramadan during which followers are required to abstain from food, drink and sex from dawn to dusk. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(56 of60)
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Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo (L) and former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler take part to the inauguration of the temporary exhibition \'Bring Back Our Girls\' as part of the worldwide Bring Back Our Girls campaign, on Place de la Republique in Paris on July 28, 2014. The exhibition shows 220 chained silhouette sets, each bearing the name of one of the missing girls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamist militants in the remote northeastern town of Chibok on April 14. A total of 276 girls were kidnapped, attracting worldwide condemnation and prompting an international rescue effort. Of that number, 219 are nonetheless still held captive after others managed to escape. AFP PHOTO / PIERRE ANDRIEU (Photo credit should read PIERRE ANDRIEU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIERRE ANDRIEU via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(57 of60)
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Former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler shows her T-shirt reading \'Bring back our girls, secure walking school\' during the inauguration of the temporary exhibition \'Bring Back Our Girls\' as part of the worldwide Bring Back Our Girls campaign, on Place de la Republique in Paris on July 28, 2014. The exhibition, inaugurated by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler, shows 220 silhouette sets, each bearing the name of one of the missing girls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamist militants in the remote northeastern town of Chibok on April 14. A total of 276 girls were kidnapped, attracting worldwide condemnation and prompting an international rescue effort. Of that number, 219 are nonetheless still held captive after others managed to escape. AFP PHOTO / PIERRE ANDRIEU (Photo credit should read PIERRE ANDRIEU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIERRE ANDRIEU via Getty Images)
Protest in Abuja for the kidnapped Nigerian girls(58 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - AUGUST 22: A protestor marches under \'\'Bring back our girls\'\' campaign for the missing Nigerian girls in Abuja, Nigeria on August 22, 2014. On April 14, Boko Haram militants abducted dozens of schoolgirls in Chibok town of Borno. Only about 54 of the girls have returned, while authorities say about 219 remain missing. (Photo by Mac John Akende/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Abuja for the kidnapped Nigerian girls(59 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - AUGUST 22: Protestors march by shouting slogans under \'\'Bring back our girls\'\' campaign for the missing Nigerian girls in Abuja, Nigeria on August 22, 2014. On April 14, Boko Haram militants abducted dozens of schoolgirls in Chibok town of Borno. Only about 54 of the girls have returned, while authorities say about 219 remain missing. (Photo by Mac John Akende/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Nigerian people fleeing from clashes in Maiduguri(60 of60)
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MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA - SEPTEMBER 9: People, fled from Bama, Konduga and Damboa villages of northern Nigeria due to the clashes between Nigerian security forces and Boko Haram militants, take shelter at an orientation camp held in a state secondary school for girls under the control of National Youth Service Corps (NSYC) in Maiduguri, Nigeria on September 9, 2014. (Photo by Mohammed Abba/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)

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