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文化大革命
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(01 of28)
FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 10, 1966, a young woman identified only as Ms. Zhou calls out to embolden her fellow Red Guards in Beijing\'s Tiananmen Square at the start of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution. On May 16, 1966, the Communist Party\'s Politburo produced a document announcing the start of what was formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to pursue class warfare and enlist the population in mass political movements. Launched by leader Mao Zedong, it set off a decade of tumult to revive communist goals and enforce a radical egalitarianism. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(02 of28)
FILE - In this Jan. 23, 1967 photo, young Chinese gathered outside a factory wave copies of the collected writings of Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong, often referred to as Mao\'s Little Red Book. Monday, May 16, 2016 marks the 50th anniversary of a 1966 party meeting that spearheaded the 10-year Cultural Revolution, a violent and frequently chaotic attempt by Mao to reassert his power and revive his party\'s egalitarian ideals. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
(03 of28)
紅衛兵を観閲する毛沢東（中央）と林彪（右）（中国・北京） \n\n撮影日：1966年08月31日 (credit:AFP時事)
(04 of28)
The propaganda team formed by the Red Guards of the Beijing Mechanical Engineering Institute recite in unisson the quotations from President Mao Zedong\'s thought on Tienanmen Square in Beijing 02 November 1966. Since the Cultural Revolution was launched in May 1966 at Beijing University, Mao\'s aim was to recapture power after the failure of the \"Great Leap Forward\". The movement was directed against those \"party leaders in authority taking the capitalist road\".\n\nThe banner reads \"Mao Zedong idealist propaga \n\n撮影日：1966年11月02日 (credit:AFP時事)
(05 of28)
（資料写真＝１９６６年６月１日撮影）文化大革命が始まり、中国・北京の街路を手に手に「毛沢東語録」を掲げ、絵を描いた大きなプラカードを持ってデモ行進する中国の大学生、高校生の「紅衛兵」たち（中国・北京） 撮影日：1966年06月01日 (credit:AFP時事)
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(06 of28)
FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 29, 1966, drummers raise their cymbals and sticks as others hold up small booklets containing the writings of then Chairman Mao Zedong during a demonstration by Red Guard youth groups in front of the Soviet Embassy in Beijing. On May 16, 1966, the Communist Party\'s Politburo produced a document announcing the start of what was formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to pursue class warfare and enlist the population in mass political movements. Launched by leader Mao Zedong, it set off a decade of tumult to revive communist goals and enforce a radical egalitarianism. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(07 of28)
FILE - In this file photo taken Jan. 8, 1967, two men with placards around their necks are declared anti-revolutionary elements and paraded through the streets of Beijing by members of the Red Guard during the early days of the Cultural Revolution launched by Mao Zedong. Monday, May 16, 2016 marks the 50th anniversary of a May 16, 1966 party meeting that spearheaded the 10-year Cultural Revolution, a violent and frequently chaotic attempt by Mao to reassert his power and revive his party\'s egalitarian ideals. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Cultural Revolution(08 of28)
Youths are seen at a rally in Peking, Sept. 14, 1966, during the height of the Red Guard upheaval. They wave copies of \"The Thoughts of Mao Zedong,\" and carry a poster of Karl Marx. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Cultural Revolution(09 of28)
Mao Tse-Tung, chinese communist party chairman standing in lead car, reviews the youthful Red Guards in Peking, Oct. 19, 1966. The New China News Agency said the cheering guards lined in a 17-mile route to salute Mao and his No. 2 man, defense minister Lin Piao. (AP Photo/HO) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
(10 of28)
Chinese Red Guards recite in unisson the quotations from President Mao Zedong \"Little Red Book\" in front of the Cenotaph to the People\'s Heroes on Tienanmen Square in Beijing 02 November 1966. Since the Cultural Revolution was launched in May 1966 at Beijing University, Mao\'s aim was to recapture power after the failure of the \"Great Leap Forward\". The movement was directed against those \"party leaders in authority taking the capitalist road\". 撮影日：1966年11月02日 (credit:AFP時事)
China Cultural Revolution Timeline(11 of28)
FILE - In this August 1966, file photo, Chinese leader Chairman Mao Zedong, center, waves as he meets with teachers and students from Beijing and other parts of China, in Beijing. A time of massive upheaval, violence and chaos, China\'s 1966-1976 Cultural Revolution, was launched 50 years ago by Communist Party leader Mao, who began it by purging officials considered insufficiently loyal. Over its course longstanding party officials, intellectuals and teachers came under violent attack, while traditional Chinese thought and culture were condemned along with foreign influences. (Photo via AP, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution photo Gallery(12 of28)
FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 1966, religious sculptures lean against the wall of a suburban Beijing Buddhist temple after being ripped from their pedestals by youthful Red Guards infused by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong\'s calls to root out vestiges of old Chinese culture. Monday, May 16, 2016 marks the 50th anniversary of a 1966 party meeting that spearheaded the 10-year Cultural Revolution, a violent and frequently chaotic attempt by Mao to reassert his power and revive his party\'s egalitarian ideals. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(13 of28)
FILE - In this file photo from 1966, former Chinese leader Mao Zedong observes Cultural Revolution inspired Red Guards assembled in Beijing\'s Tiananmen Square. On May 16, 1966, the Communist Party\'s Politburo produced a document announcing the start of what was formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to pursue class warfare and enlist the population in mass political movements. Launched by leader Mao Zedong, it set off a decade of tumult to revive communist goals and enforce a radical egalitarianism. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Political Purges(14 of28)
FILE - This 1972 file photo shows Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong\'s wife, in China. Leader of the radical Gang of Four that guided the Cultural Revolution, Jiang was arrested after attempting to seize power in the inner-party struggle that followed Maoâs death in 1976. Jiang was accused of persecuting political enemies and causing the suffering of millions, but claimed at her 1980 trial that she had only been doing Maoâs bidding. Sentenced to life in prison, she committed suicide while on medical release in 1991. (AP Photo/File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
毛沢東(15 of28)
▽Mao Zedong（中国）中国共産党主席（天安門広場で開かれた「文化大革命勝利祝賀の１００万人集会」） 撮影日：1966年08月18日 (credit:AFP時事)
BIO-MAO ZEDONG-CULTURAL REVOLUTION-ZHU ENLAI-LIN PIAO-JIANG QING (16 of28)
From left: Chinese top communist leaders Zhu Enlai (1898-1975), Prime Minister of the People\'s Republic of China from its inception in 1949 until his death, Lin Piao (1907-71), minister of defense and supporter of the Cultural revolution, Mao Zedong (1893-1976), leading theorist of the Chinese communist revolution, chairman of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and President of the Republic, and Mao\'s third wife Jiang Qing, applaud in April 1967 during a meeting in Beijing. Mao launched in 1966 the \"Great Prolet (credit:AFP時事)
(17 of28)
「中国の文化大革命に関して学問芸術に自律性を」と会見で声明文を読み上げる作家の（右から）川端康成、石川淳、安部公房、三島由紀夫の各氏（東京・千代田区の帝国ホテル） (credit:時事通信社)
China Cultural Revolution Photo Gallery(18 of28)
FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 27, 1966, youthful members of the radical Red Guard movement stand at the entrance of a Buddhist temple near Beijing adorned with a portrait of their hero, Communist Party leader Mao Zedong. During the start of the violent Cultural Revolution, religious institutions and aspects of traditional Chinese culture were relentlessly attacked. Monday, May 16, 2016 marks the 50th anniversary of a May 16, 1966 party meeting that spearheaded the 10-year Cultural Revolution, a violent and frequently chaotic attempt by Mao to reassert his power and revive his party\'s egalitarian ideals. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
(19 of28)
資料写真＝１９７６年９月１３日撮影）１９７６年９月９日死亡した故毛沢東主席の遺がいを前に、通夜を行う中国指導者たち７氏。江青夫人、華国鋒、張春橋、李先念ら各氏が並ぶ（中国・北京） (credit:AFP時事)
(20 of28)
北京の最高裁判所で尋問される江青氏。中国の文化大革命を主導した「４人組」の一員で、毛沢東氏の夫人（中国・北京） \n\n撮影日：1980年11月27日 (credit:AFP時事)
Gang of Four Trial(21 of28)
Jiang Qing, defiant widow of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, appears before session of the special tribunal of the Supreme People\'s Court in Peking on Friday, Dec. 5, 1980. The 67-year-old defendant, publicly described as an \"evil star,\" tried to shift the blame in the persecution of China\'s President Liu Shaoqi, the most famous persecution of the 1966-1976 Great Cultural Revolution. Jiang Qins is charged with ordering the arrest and interrogation of 11 persons to help build a case against Liu Shaoqi, who died in prison in 1969. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
(22 of28)
北京の最高裁判所で尋問される張春橋氏。中国の文化大革命を主導した「４人組」の一員（中国・北京） 撮影日：1980年11月27日 (credit:AFP時事)
APTOPIX China Obama(23 of28)
Articles featuring the image of late Chinese revolutionary leader Mao Zedong and U.S. President Barack Obama dressed in communist Cultural Revolution era military uniform are sold at a shop in Beijing, China, Monday, Oct. 19, 2009. Obama is due to visit China next month. (AP Photo/Elizabeth Dalziel) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China The Leader Vanishes(24 of28)
FILE - In this Jan. 27, 2010 file photo, Lin Biao, the second-in-charge after Chairman Mao Zedong, is shown in the right half of the unissued 1967 commemorative stamp for 40th anniversary of establishment of Jing Gangshan Revolutionary Base displayed during a stamp auction review in Hong Kong. The missing left side of the stamp showed Mao. Once designated as Mao\'s âclosest comrade in armsâ and hand-picked to be his successor, Lin dropped from view in September 1971 amid the radical turmoil known as the Cultural Revolution. Turns out he had died. The government started telling ordinary Chinese about his death only two months later; some accounts say it was 10 months later. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Apologies(25 of28)
In this Friday, May 13, 2016 photo, Wang Keming holds a photo of himself as a youth at his home in Beijing. As a teenager, Wang felt nothing but contempt for the older peasant his village singled out for collective persecution in 1970. Stirred by Mao Zedong\'s radical ideology and inured to the rampant violence of China\'s Cultural Revolution, he beat the man bloody and saw nothing wrong with it. Decades later, Wang felt something that few of the millions of people who committed abuses have publicly acknowledged: guilt. He expressed remorse to his victim and later he shared his apology in a national journal. (AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Apologies(26 of28)
In this Friday, May 13, 2016 photo, Wang Keming holds a book with a photo of himself as a youth, at left, at his home in Beijing. As a teenager, Wang felt nothing but contempt for the older peasant his village singled out for collective persecution in 1970. Stirred by Mao Zedong\'s radical ideology and inured to the rampant violence of China\'s Cultural Revolution, he beat the man bloody and saw nothing wrong with it. Decades later, Wang felt something that few of the millions of people who committed abuses have publicly acknowledged: guilt. He expressed remorse to his victim and later he shared his apology in a national journal, in what is believed to have been the first public apology by anyone for personal acts committed during the Cultural Revolution\'s violent decade. (AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Preserving Memory(27 of28)
In this Jan. 21, 2015 photo, Tsering Woeser, a Tibetan poet, shows an old photo of Buddhist priests parade with a photo of late Chinese leader Mao Zedong in the far western region of Tibet, which was taken by her father during the Cultural Revolution, at her home on the outskirt of Beijing. Woeser said she had wondered as a girl why her father had taken photos of the destruction in the region, especially since he had been sent there as a Chinese soldier in the 1960s to help tighten the governmentâs hold. Later, she said, she herself returned to track down the people captured in those photos. \"A lot of people have already died,â she said. âSo I think this is a very urgent thing. Because memory is important to people, and if the person is there, the memory is there. If the person isnât there, then the memory has disappeared.â (AP Photo/Andy Wong) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
China Cultural Revolution Apologies(28 of28)
In this Friday, May 13, 2016 photo, Wang Keming points to a photo of Gu Zhiyou, whom Wang persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, at his home in Beijing. As a teenager, Wang felt nothing but contempt for the older peasant his village singled out for collective persecution in 1970. Stirred by Mao Zedong\'s radical ideology and inured to the rampant violence of China\'s Cultural Revolution, he beat the man bloody and saw nothing wrong with it. Decades later, Wang felt something that few of the millions of people who committed abuses have publicly acknowledged: guilt. He expressed remorse to his victim and later he shared his apology in a national journal, in what is believed to have been the first public apology by anyone for personal acts committed during the Cultural Revolution\'s violent decade. (AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
第二次世界大戦後、蔣介石率いる国民党との「国共内戦」に勝利した中国共産党の毛沢東は、1949年10月に中華人民共和国を建国。1958年には「15年でイギリスに追いつく」を合言葉に、さらに発展した社会主義国家建設を目指す「大躍進」政策を展開した。しかし、あまりに工業・農業の成長を急ぎすぎたあまり、約2000万人の餓死者を生み出す大失敗に終わった。毛沢東は59年に国家主席を辞任し、権力を失った。
しかし、党主席にとどまった毛沢東は66年、当時の政府中枢にいた劉少奇や鄧小平らを、資本主義の復活を図る「走資派」「実権派」として批判。「プロレタリア文化大革命」と称する権力奪回闘争を開始した。毛沢東を支持する「紅衛兵」と呼ばれる学生らは、「造反有理」のスローガンを掲げ、毛沢東を批判する党幹部や知識人などを徹底的に吊るし上げた。国家主席の劉少奇は失脚に追い込まれ、鄧小平も政治局常務委員を解任され、一党員に落とされた。文化大革命では、毛沢東の個人崇拝や文化遺産の破壊も推し進められた。
こうして毛沢東は復権を果たし、文化大革命は収束に向かうかと思われた。しかし、文化大革命の継続を唱えて実権を掌握しようとした毛沢東夫人の江青ら「四人組」が台頭。反対派を抑圧し、混乱は続いた。
71年、後継者とみられた林彪が失脚し、76年1月には首相の周恩来が死去。同年6月に毛沢東も死去すると、首相の華国鋒は四人組を逮捕。こうして、中国の政治・経済・社会を大混乱に陥れた10年にわたる文化大革命は終結した。中国共産党は被害の実態を公表していないが、約1億人が被害を受け、死者は1000万人にのぼるという説もある。
1981年、中国共産党は「建国以来の党の若干の歴史的問題に関する決議」を採択し、文化大革命は完全な誤りだったと決議した。その一方で、当事者だった毛沢東については、「10年にわたる文化大革命で重大な誤りを犯したとはいえ、その全生涯からみると、中国革命に対する功績は過ちをはるかにしのいでいる」と定義した。
中国国内では、今も文化大革命に関する自由な議論は許されていないという。その一方で、習近平国家主席ら現在の共産党中枢は、メディアに「絶対忠誠」を求めるなど強権的な政治手法を取っている。また今月、人民大会堂で文化大革命期の歌を歌うアイドルが公演し、習近平国家主席を讃えるなど、個人崇拝を思わせる動きも見られ、「文革時代に空気が似てきている」と懸念する声もある。