IS、思想の原点シリア・ダビクを奪われる 「最終決戦の地」陥落が持つ意味

ISは機関誌のタイトルにこの町の名前を使ったり、人質の首を切る動画をこの地で撮影したりしてきた。
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自由シリア軍(FSA)兵士の車両が、アレッポの町ダビクに入る。2016年10月16日にこの町からIS戦闘員を追放した。

シリアの反体制派戦闘グループ「自由シリア軍(FSA)」は10月16日、シリア北部のダビクから過激派組織IS(イスラム国)を追放した。ISは、組織の思想宣伝の拠点として預言者ムハンマドの言行録「ハディース」の信条の中心だったこの地を明け渡した。

シリア内戦の勃発前は、ダビクは人口わずか2000人程度の町だった、地理的戦略上、あるいは資源面で軍事的価値はほとんどない。しかし、「ハディース」に「異教徒との最終決戦の地」と預言されていることで、ダビクはISにとって特別に重要な意味を持つこととなった。

イスラム教の預言によれば、その後コンスタンティノープル(かつてのビザンツ帝国の首都、現イスタンブール)を制圧し、ISはこの語り継がれてきた預言をイデオロギーとして掲げ、2014年に組織が急速に台頭する中でダビクを制圧してからは、さらにこの預言を思想宣伝に利用してきた。

ダビクの預言は、ISの宣伝活動戦略の中で度々登場する。ISは機関誌のタイトルにこの町の名前を使ったり、人質の首を切る動画をこの地で撮影したりしてきた。

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ISとの戦闘中に配備された車両に乗り、ダビク近郊でマシンガンを発射するシリア自由軍の戦闘員。

ダビクの陥落はISにとって大きな痛手となるのは間違いない。ISの戦闘員が逃亡する中、トルコ支援のシリアの反体制派がトヨタのトラックに乗ってさっそうとダビクに入っていく画像は、最終決戦の勝利という壮大なビジョンからはかけはなれている。

「ISIS:State of Terror」の著者J.M.バーガー氏はハフポストUS版に「ISは成功を収めているし勝利している、だから民衆はISの活動に参加すべきだとISは主張してきました。しかしISの対抗勢力からすると、ISは最も重要な最終決戦の場から逃げ出したということになる」と語った。

ダビク陥落によって、"未来永劫拡大し続けるイスラム帝国"というISの主張は揺らいだ。ISは2015年初めから領土を失い、統率力も乱れ敗北を繰り返している。ダビクに加えて、ISはシリア北部の大部分を失い、イラク領内の拠点となっていたケイヤラもイラク軍に奪還された。さらにISにとっての重要な拠点モスル奪還のため、アメリカが支援するイラク軍とクルド人部隊による解放作戦も始まった。

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自由シリア軍兵士の車両がダビクに入る。2016年10月16日

ダビクの陥落を目前にして、ISの広報機関はダビクを重要視しないように努めている。「これは預言された戦いではなかった。預言された戦いはまだこれから起こるのだ」と主張している。これは組織が拡大していた2014年の主張とは大きく異なっている。当時、ISは「最終決戦はもうすぐ近くまで来ている」と宣言していた。

ダビク陥落に対するIS支持者たちの反応は、終末論を信じる人たちの苦し紛れの言い訳に似ているところがある。彗星の衝突、洪水、その他の災害で世界が終焉すると予言しておきながら、実際に起きなかった時、終末論者はさまざまな言い訳を用意する。ISの指導者たちも自分たちの預言が間違っていたと認める代わりに、矛盾する預言を別のものにすり替え、思想を改造する。

「ISは矛盾に対処する方法を見つけるために預言に回帰した」と、「The ISIS Apocalypse」の著者ウィル・マックキャンツ氏は語る。

「皮肉にも、彼らは預言に回帰していると言えるでしょう。いかにも終末論者たちがしそうなことだとも言えます。彼らは、状況が自分たちの思うようにならない時には、いつも論理をすり替えるのです」

この敗北はISの信奉者同士を敵対させる効果があるかもしれないと、マックキャンツ氏は予測する。IS神話が崩れていく中で、ISとの関係を断とうという方向に心が傾く信奉者もいるだろう。またこの機会を、克服し信仰をより強く固めるための試練だと受け止める信奉者もいるだろう。

「ISは、この機会を信者の忠誠を試すものとして利用するでしょう。上手く行かなかったときにも耐えられるか? 預言が実現しなかったとしても信仰を続けられるか? といった具合にです」と、マックキャンツ氏は語った。

「しかしそれこそが敗北宣言なのです。2日前までISが使っていた征服や勝利の言葉とは違ったものなのです」

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

▼画像集が開きます

ダビク陥落
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Rebel fighters take a selfie near a road sign in Dabiq town, northern Aleppo countryside, Syria October 16, 2016. REUTERS/Khalil Ashawi (credit:Khalil Ashawi / Reuters)
MIDEAST-CRISIS/SYRIA(26 of27)
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Residents driving a motorcycle gesture towards a fighter in Dabiq town, northern Aleppo countryside, Syria October 16, 2016. REUTERS/Khalil Ashawi (credit:Khalil Ashawi / Reuters)
MIDEAST-CRISIS/SYRIA(27 of27)
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Rebel fighters near Islamic State calligraphy and drawings on a wall in Dabiq town, northern Aleppo countryside, Syria October 16, 2016. REUTERS/Khalil Ashawi (credit:Khalil Ashawi / Reuters)

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