東アジア・大洋州地域経済予測:2015年の成長率は、2014年の6.8%をやや下回る6.5%になると見込み

世界銀行は「東アジア・大洋州地域 半期経済報告」の中で、2015年の同地域全体の成長率は、2014年の6.8%をやや下回る6.5%になると見込む。
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世界銀行グループ

構造改革とマクロ経済運営の継続がカギ

世界銀行は「東アジア・大洋州地域 半期経済報告」の中で、東アジア地域が引き続き世界の経済成長の一番の原動力として世界全体の成長の5分の2近くを占めている、と指摘する。2015年の同地域全体の成長率は、2014年の6.8%をやや下回る6.5%になると見込まれる。

「東アジア・大洋州地域の途上国ではなおも堅調な成長が続くが、緩やかな鈍化傾向にあるため、域内各国の政策担当者には、持続可能かつ長期的な包摂的成長の基盤となる構造改革に引き続き注力する事が求められる。具体的には、金融、労働市場、商品市場における規制改善や、透明性と説明責任の強化に向けた措置などの改革である。こうした政策は、投資家と市場に安心感を与え、人々を貧困から脱却させることのできる成長の持続に役立つだろう。」と、世界銀行のアクセル・ヴァン・トロッツェンバーグ副総裁(東アジア・大洋州地域総局)は述べた。

同報告は、域内に影響を及ぼす厳しい世界的な環境を分析する。高所得国の回復は依然として緩慢で、世界貿易の伸びは2009年以降で最低のペースとなっている。また、一次産品生産国が価格低迷の影響を受け、途上国全体で成長の鈍化に拍車がかかっている。

国別に見ると、その状況には大きなばらつきがある。中国経済は今年約7%の成長を示し、その後次第に鈍化すると見られるが、これは、より国内消費・サービス型モデルへと経済がシフトし、それによって成長が徐々に鈍化するからである。

中国を除いた東アジア途上国の今年の成長率は、前年に近い4.6%になると見られる。インドネシア、マレーシア、モンゴルなどの一次産品輸出国は今年、世界的な一次産品価格低迷を受け、成長減速と歳入低下となるだろう。一次産品輸入国は今後も、安定的かつ大幅なペースで成長するだろう。例えばベトナムは、2015年に6.2%、2016年には6.3%の伸びが見込まれている。一方、多くの小規模国では、より小幅な伸びとなるであろう。カンボジアでは、農産生産高減少が経済に悪影響を及ぼすが、今年も6.9%の成長が予測される。ミャンマーでは、7月の大洪水により、成長ペースが2014年の8.5%から6.5%に落ち込むと見られる。他方、太平洋島嶼国は穏やかに成長するであろう。

「東アジア途上国の成長は、中国経済のリバランスや、予想される米国の量的緩和政策打ち切りのペースなどにより、減速する事が予測される。こうした要因は、短期的には金融ボラティリティを引き起こしかねないものの、長期的には持続可能な成長のために必要な調整と言える。」と、世界銀行のスディール・シェッティ東アジア・大洋州地域総局チーフ・エコノミストは述べている。

同報告は、中国経済は2016~17年にかけては緩やかな減速に留まるとしている。このシナリオは、十分あり得ると言える。なぜなら中国は、より大きな減速の危険に直面しても、政策面で十分な余裕をもっている他、比較的低い公的債務水準、銀行システム外での預金制限、金融システムに果たす国家の支配的役割といったリスク対応ツールを備えているからである。しかし、中国の成長がこの想定以上に下振れすれば、貿易や投資、観光を通じて中国と繋がりのある国々を中心に、域内各国でその影響が実感される事になるだろう。

同報告はまた、米国金利の緩やかな引き上げが今後数カ月以内に始まると見ている。ただし、この利上げは既に予測されており、秩序だって実行されるであろう。それでも、こうした引締めに市場が大きく反応し、通貨価値の下落、債券のスプレッド拡大、資本フロー減少、流動性の逼迫を引き起こすリスクは残る。

逆風となるこうした要因の可能性を踏まえ、同報告は、域内全体にとっての2つの重要な優先課題を強調している。一つ目は、対外的・財政的な脆弱性に対処するための慎重なマクロ経済運営、二つ目は、民間投資の奨励に主眼を置いた構造改革のさらなる深化である。

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