天皇訪比「日本人が忘れてはならないこと」

今回の天皇訪比で改めて考えさせられたのは、時の流れやフィリピン人のやさしさに甘えて、私たちは過去を心に刻むことを怠ってこなかったか、ということだ。
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時事通信社

天皇陛下は、皇太子時代以来54年ぶりにフィリピンを訪問した。この旅に託したメッセージは「貴国の国内において日米両国間の熾烈な戦闘が行われ、(略)貴国の多くの人が命を失い、傷つきました。このことは、私ども日本人が決して忘れてはならないこと」という大統領主催晩餐会での答辞に凝縮されていたように思える。

太平洋戦争でフィリピンでは51万8千人の日本人が命を落とした。外地では最大の数だ。食糧も兵站も乏しいなかの悲惨な戦いについて、日本では多くの記録が残され、小説や映画にもなった。多数の慰霊碑がフィリピン国内に建立された。だがフィリピン側の犠牲について思いを寄せたり、悔悟をつづったりした例は限られている。

フィリピン側の死者は111万人に及んだ。当時の国民の16人に1人にあたり、ロムロ元外相は「人口に比してアジアで最も大なる惨禍を受けた国」と語っている。

太平洋戦争を始めた日本は7200万の人口のうち310万人を失った。つまりフィリピン人の死亡率がはるかに高い。なぜかくも多くの人々が戦渦に巻き込まれたのか。米国からの独立間近いフィリピンに日本が進軍したからにほかならない。

しかしながら、われわれ日本人の多くは、忘れる以前に歴史的事実そのものを知らない、あるいは関心がないように私にはみえる。天皇は旅立ち前の羽田空港で「マニラの市街戦においては,膨大な数に及ぶ無辜のフィリピン市民が犠牲になりました」と述べたが、1945年2月のマニラで10万人もの市民らの命が奪われたことをどれほどの日本人が知っているだろうか。

自国に不都合な歴史的事実を知ろうとしない、認めたがらない風潮が強まるなか、天皇の言葉は重く響いた。さらに言えば「あの戦争には何ら関わりのない、私たちの子や孫、そしてその先の世代の子どもたちに、謝罪を続ける宿命を背負わせてはなりません」という昨年8月の安倍首相談話に相対する考え方だと私には思えた。

今回の訪問は、日比国交正常化60年を記念し、昨年訪日したアキノ大統領の招待にこたえるという形をとったが、天皇自身の強い意志を反映した「巡礼の旅」という印象が強かった。

訪問決定後の準備時間は異例に短かった。両陛下の年齢を考えると、時期は酷暑が和らぎ、雨も少ない1~2月しかない。ところがフィリピンでは2月9日から大統領選をはじめとする統一選が始まる。ぜひ今年のうちに、という天皇自身の願いがきつい日程を乗り越えたと観察できる。

日本と関係が深い東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN)の創立メンバー5か国のうち天皇が訪問していないのはフィリピンだけだった。先の大戦で最も大きな被害を受けた国を天皇として慰問することへ願いが感じられた。フィリピン人の戦死者がまつられる無名戦士の墓への訪問や、国籍未取得者も含む多数の日系人との懇談も天皇が希望したと伝えられている。

フィリピンは戦後、反日感情が最も強い国だった。天皇は、皇太子時代に訪比した54年前は「神経質になっていた」と今回、告白している。

その国がいまや屈指の親日国となった。日本政府や民間の援助、日本企業の進出や投資、日本に出稼ぎした女性らの定着と交流など様々な理由がある。フィリピンの歴代政権も歴史問題で声高な批判は控え、記録の保存にも執着しなかった。マルコス元大統領が、戦後29年ぶりに救出された小野田寛郎さんを「兵士の鏡」とたたえ、地元の反感を抑えたことなどがその例だ。

そして何より、罪を赦すフィリピン人の寛容さ、宗教的・文化的な背景が両国関係の融和に寄与したことは間違いない。今回の天皇訪比で改めて考えさせられたのは、時の流れやフィリピン人のやさしさに甘えて、私たちは過去を心に刻むことを怠ってこなかったか、ということだ。

憲法上、政治から離れた立場にいる天皇だが、今回の訪比で政治が今後解決すべき課題が浮き彫りになったと感じる。ひとつは戦後フィリピンに残され、差別のなかで困窮を強いられた残留日系人の救済だ。昨年7月、日系人の代表らは、日本政府主導の訪比調査と孤児認定の実施などを安倍首相に直接陳情したが、いまだに政府側の動きはない。2世らの高齢化は進み、残された時間は限られている。

もうひとつは遺骨収集事業再開への条件整備だ。2010年にミンドロ島などの先住民墓地からフィリピン人の遺骨が盗掘され、旧日本兵の遺骨に混入された疑いが浮上したため、事業は中断したままだ。いずれも戦後処理の一環であり、こちらも政府の早急な対応が求められる。

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両陛下のフィリピン訪問
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Japan\'s Emperor Akihito (R) and his wife Empress Michiko (2nd R) bow as they offer flowers during a visit to a Japanese memorial garden for Japanese soldiers killed during World War II in Caliraya, south of Manila, on January 29, 2016. The emperor and empress are on a five-day visit to the Philippines. AFP PHOTO / TED ALJIBE / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Japan\'s Emperor Akihito (front L) and Empress Michiko (front R) walk together after meeting with relatives (behind) of Japanese soldiers killed during World War II during a visit to the memorial garden in Caliraya, south of Manila, on January 29, 2016. The emperor and empress are on a five-day visit to the Philippines. AFP PHOTO / TED ALJIBE / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Japan\'s Emperor Akihito (R) and his wife Empress Michiko (2nd R) offer flowers during a visit to a Japanese memorial garden for Japanese soldiers killed during World War II in Caliraya, south of Manila, on January 29, 2016. The emperor and empress are on a five-day visit to the Philippines. AFP PHOTO / TED ALJIBE / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Japanese Emperor Akihito (C) and Empress Michiko (centre R, in blue) are greeted by Philippine students that previously studied in Japan, in Manila on January 28, 2016. The Japanese royal couple are in the Philippines on a five-day official visit. AFP PHOTO / JAPAN POOL via JIJI PRESS JAPAN OUT / AFP / JIJI PRESS / JAPAN POOL (Photo credit should read JAPAN POOL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Pool via Getty Images)
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Japan's Emperor And Empress State Visit To Philippines(24 of34)
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Japan\'s Emperor Akihito (L) reviews an honour guard during a welcoming ceremony at the Malacanang Palace in Manila on January 27, 2016. The Japanese emperor and empress are on a five-day visit to the Philippines. AFP PHOTO / TED ALJIBE / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Japanese Emperor arrival in Philippines(29 of34)
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Japanese Emperor Akihito (L) and his wife, Empress Michiko (C) are greeted by Philippine President Benigno Aquino (R) after their arrival at the international airport in Manila on January 26, 2016.\nJapan\'s Emperor Akihito pledged January 26 to honour those who died in one of World War II\'s deadliest battles, as he began a historic visit to the Philippines. / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Philippine President Benigno Aquino(R) leads Japanese Emperor Akihito (2-L) and his wife, Empress Michiko (L) to their limousine after their arrival at the international airport in Manila on January 26, 2016.\nJapan\'s Emperor Akihito pledged January 26 to honour those who died in one of World War II\'s deadliest battles, as he began a historic visit to the Philippines. / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
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Japanese Crown Prince Naruhito (R), Crown Princess Masako (2nd L), Prince Akishino (2nd R) and Princess Kiko wave as Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko leave Tokyo for the Philippines on January 26, 2016. The Japanese royal couple will visit the Philippines until January 30. AFP PHOTO / Toru YAMANAKA / AFP / TORU YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
PHILIPPINES-JAPAN-DIPLOMACY-WAR(33 of34)
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Japanese Emperor Akihito (C), and his wife, Empress Michiko (background) greet Philippine officials as Philippine President Benigno Aquino (R) looks on following the arrival of the Royal couple at the international airport in Manila on January 26, 2016.\nJapan\'s Emperor Akihito pledged January 26 to honour those who died in one of World War II\'s deadliest battles, as he began a historic visit to the Philippines. / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)
PHILIPPINES-JAPAN-DIPLOMACY-WAR(34 of34)
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Japanese Emperor Akihito (R) and his wife, Empress Michiko (L) prepare to enter their limousine after arriving at the international airport in Manila on January 26, 2016. Japan\'s Emperor Akihito pledged January 26 to honour those who died in one of World War II\'s deadliest battles, as he began a historic visit to the Philippines. AFP PHOTO / TED ALJIBE / AFP / TED ALJIBE (Photo credit should read TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TED ALJIBE via Getty Images)