『貧困救済ファンド』 〜 英国の先進的な「社会的インパクト投資」のモデル

社会的分野に係る問題解決と収益確保の両立を図る新しい投資の在り方が注目を集めている。「社会的インパクト投資」と呼ばれる投資だ。
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儲かる仕事は民間が勝手に進めるが、儲からない仕事は政府や自治体が資金を出さないとなかなか進まない。儲からない仕事にこぞってお金を出すような人はそう多くない。子育て・保育などの児童福祉、介護などの高齢者福祉、障害者福祉といった「社会的分野」に関する仕事は、民間から豊富な資金を調達しようとしても無理がある。そんなに儲からないからだ。

近年、社会的分野に係る問題解決と収益確保の両立を図る新しい投資の在り方が注目を集めている。「社会的インパクト投資」と呼ばれる。リターンとリスクというこれまでの投資指標に社会的な「インパクト」という指標を加えた投資のこと。それほど大きなリターンを望まないが、住み心地良き社会環境という配当を得ようという「志」があれば、社会的インパクト投資がもっと行われていくのではないだろうか。

英国には、『ブリッジズ・ベンチャーズ』という社会的インパクト投資ファンドがある。2002年に半官半民ファンドとして発足。これまで、社会的インパクト投資として好成績を残してきた。現在の投資残高は約5億英ポンド。13年度の内部収益率は15%。教育、健康、持続性の3分野で、十分なサービスが行き届かない貧困下位25%の地域に貢献する企業や非営利団体、社会的起業家を投融資の対象とする。投資戦略の中核として「バリュー・フォー・マネー」を掲げている。

同社が04年に投資を開始した『ザ・ホクストンホテル』は、高所得者層向けの充実したサービスを低価格で提供し、イングランド内で貧困下位3%に数えられる地域に位置している。208ある部屋の稼働率は常に90%以上。このホテルが支払う給料のうち73%が近隣の貧困地域に住む従業員向けで、同ホテルの仕入れ金額の85%は同地域の業者からのものであるなど、同地域の経済活性化に大きく貢献している。12年に売却した際、内部収益率は47%、キャッシュ総額は約9倍にまでなっていた。

『ザ・ジム』というスポーツクラブは、07年から13年にかけてブリッジズ・ベンチャーズの支援を受けた。それにより、売却時の内部収益率は50%、キャッシュ総額は3.7倍にまでなった。英国のスポーツクラブに通うと、月当たり平均66ポンドの会費を要するのが通例。その月会費を4分の1程度に抑え、24時間営業とした。シャワーなどは付設させず、必要なフィットネス機器だけを設置した。ただし、機器は定期的に新しいモデルと交換する。こうした経営戦略が功を奏し、20万人以上の会員を得た。このうち約3割が、これまでスポーツクラブに通ったことがない人だった。英国では、高齢化のみならず、生活習慣病などの慢性疾患の蔓延が大きな社会問題となっているが、スポーツクラブ通いによって日常的に運動する人が増えていけば、国民全体の健康状態の向上や健康寿命の延伸が進んでいくだろう。

ブリッジズ・ベンチャーズは、不動産の分野においても、経済的リターンと社会的インパクトを両立した事業実績を持つ。同社が10年から13年にかけて支援した『ザ・カーブ』は、学生寮を運営する会社。ある不動産物件を学生寮として運営し始めた。この不動産がある東ロンドンエリアは、イングランド内において最も貧しい地域の上位1%に入り、近隣住民の失業率も高く、再開発の必要性が叫ばれていた。英国では近年、学生寮へのニーズが高まっている。学生寮の運営は収益性が高いので、英国の投資家からは人気が高い分野となっている。しかも、東ロンドンであれば、通常より人件費や不動産コストが抑えられ、高いリターンが見込めるので、投資家にとっても魅力的。売却時には、内部収益率は27%、キャッシュ総額は2.4倍となっていた。

他にも、不動産投資を通じて細やかなニーズに応える良質な高齢者向けサービス提供事業の育成や、国営保健サービスの負担を軽減する事業を行う非営利企業、事業収益型非営利団体へのサポート、ソーシャル・インパクト・ボンドへの参画なども行い、社会的インパクト投資分野のファンドとして多くの実績を持つ。

日本でも、急速な少子高齢化や、それに伴う地域経済の衰退、貧困の拡大などが危惧されている。寄付金や助成金、補助金などによって一部は解決するかもしれないが、社会保障費のこれ以上の増加は困難である。既に、ミュージックセキュリテイーズ、コモンズ投信、鎌倉投信といった、新たな資金調達の仕組みが芽生えてきている。政治や行政は、社会的課題の解決策に参画しながら持続的なビジネスを行うことのできる社会的企業の創出を後押しする環境づくりをもっと推進していくべきだ。

イギリス王室4代勢揃い 画像集
Trooping The Colour(01 of14)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: (L-R) Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince George of Cambridge,Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Harry look out on the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. . The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(02 of14)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as they Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge looks on from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century, when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(03 of14)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as they look out from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. . The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(04 of14)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as they look out from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. . The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(05 of14)
Open Image Modal
LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge looks on from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century, when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(06 of14)
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Britain\'s Queen Elizabeth II (R) waves from the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (L-R) Britain\'s Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge holding his son Prince George of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (back) at the end of the Queen\'s Birthday Parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in London on June 13, 2015. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BEN STANSALL via Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(07 of14)
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(L-R) Britain\'s Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Britain\'s Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge holding his son Prince George of Cambridge, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Prince Harry (back), Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, James, Viscount Severn, stand together on the balcony of Buckingham Palace for the fly-past at the end of the Queen\'s Birthday Parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in London on June 13, 2015. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BEN STANSALL via Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(08 of14)
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Prince George of Cambridge (2L) points into the sky in the arms of father Britain\'s Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, (3L) as they and Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (L), Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (2R) and Britain\'s Queen Elizabeth II (R) stand on the balcony of Buckingham Palace waiting to view the fly-past during the Queen\'s Birthday Parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in London on June 13, 2015. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BEN STANSALL via Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(09 of14)
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(L-R) Britain\'s Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge holding his son Prince George of Cambridge, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Harry, Prince Andrew, Duke of York and James, Viscount Severn, stand on the balcony of Buckingham Palace waiting to view the fly-past during the Queen\'s Birthday Parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in London on June 13, 2015. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BEN STANSALL via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(10 of14)
Open Image Modal
LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge looks on from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(11 of14)
Open Image Modal
LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as they look out from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century, when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(12 of14)
Open Image Modal
LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as they look out from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century, when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
Trooping The Colour(13 of14)
Open Image Modal
LONDON, ENGLAND - JUNE 13: Prince George of Cambridge is held by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge looks on from the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the Trooping the Colour on June 13, 2015 in London, England. The ceremony is Queen Elizabeth II\'s annual birthday parade and dates back to the time of Charles II in the 17th Century, when the Colours of a regiment were used as a rallying point in battle. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) (credit:Chris Jackson via Getty Images)
BRITAIN-ROYAL-TROOPING(14 of14)
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Britain\'s Queen Elizabeth II (front CL) and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (front CR) wave as they stand on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (L-R) Britain\'s Princess Anne, Princess Royal, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge holding his son Prince George of Cambridge, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (back), Prince Harry, James, Viscount Severn, Prince Andrew, Duke of York (back), Princess Beatrice of York, Lady Louise Windsor, Princess Eugenie of York at the end of the Queen\'s Birthday Parade, \'Trooping the Colour,\' in London on June 13, 2015. The ceremony of Trooping the Colour is believed to have first been performed during the reign of King Charles II. In 1748, it was decided that the parade would be used to mark the official birthday of the Sovereign. More than 600 guardsmen and cavalry make up the parade, a celebration of the Sovereign\'s official birthday, although the Queen\'s actual birthday is on 21 April. AFP PHOTO / BEN STANSALL (Photo credit should read BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BEN STANSALL via Getty Images)