ギリシア――ヨーロッパの内なる中東

ギリシア問題は6月30日のIMF(国際通貨基金)への債務履行期限を超えて宙づりになっている。一気にユーロ圏離脱やドラクマ復活へと進むのか、それとも一時しのぎの更なる支援策で合意するのか、それとも事態の根本的な解決を図る動きがついに出てくるのか。
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ギリシア問題は6月30日のIMF(国際通貨基金)への債務履行期限を超えて宙づりになっている。一気にユーロ圏離脱やドラクマ復活へと進むのか、それとも一時しのぎの更なる支援策で合意するのか、それとも事態の根本的な解決を図る動きがついに出てくるのか。この文章が掲載される頃には見通しが立っているかもしれない。

もちろん中東を専門とする筆者にとってギリシア関連はまったくの素人である。しかし、ギリシアが抱える問題には、地中海を囲む隣国であるアラブ諸国にのし掛かる問題と、同根の部分があるのではないのか。ギリシア問題は、歴史的に遡ってみれば、「中東問題」の一部とも言えるのではないのか。そんなことを、6月30日深夜に債務不履行の「カウントダウン」を報じるBBCの現場中継を、アラブ首長国連邦アブダビで眺めながら、考えていた。

「中東―危機の震源を読む」欄への久しぶりの寄稿に際して、筆者の「リハビリ」も兼ねて、歴史的視野からの中東論を、ギリシア問題を引き合いに、類推や飛躍も大いに交えて、論じてみることを許していただきたい。

ギリシアはヨーロッパなのか

7月6日にイスラエルを訪問したギリシアのコチアス外相は「ギリシアのいないヨーロッパはジョークだ」とインタビューで語ったという('Europe without Greece? Joke,' says Greek foreign minister, AFP )。

古代ギリシア文明が、科学と人間主義の哲学、そして民主主義の政体を生み出し、近代西洋の諸学と政治体制の模範とされて、近代ヨーロッパの理念的基礎となったことは言うまでもない事実だ。しかし近代のギリシアが、古代ギリシア文明とどのようにつながるのか。話は単純ではない。

近代のギリシアが本当に「ヨーロッパ」なのか、と問えば、多くの西欧人が首をかしげるだろう。イギリスやフランスやドイツなど「先進」的な西欧諸国は、古代ギリシアを近代西洋文明の精神的な拠り所としつつ、近現代のギリシアのことは「後進国」として見てきたことは否定できない。西欧諸国とギリシアには今も大きな経済格差があり、軍事政権や有力家系の支配が長く続いた政治体制、ギリシア正教の宗教・文化など、ヨーロッパよりもその外の途上国との政治文化的な類縁性がギリシアには見られる。

イスラーム世界としてのギリシア

それも当然である。第1次世界大戦までは、近代のギリシアのかなりの部分はオスマン帝国の版図であった。

それに先立つ19世紀の前半に、アテネを中心とした地域が先行して独立し、近代のギリシアを形作り始めてはいた。フランス革命やドイツ・中欧の民族主義の高まりが波及したギリシアで1821年にオスマン帝国に対する反乱が勃発する。ギリシア独立戦争である。1832年にギリシア王国が独立するまでの間、西欧およびロシアの列強諸国は競合して介入した。

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『キオス島の虐殺』ウジェーヌ・ドラクロワ(1798-1863)1824年作。ルーブル美術館所蔵

国だけでなく、西欧市民社会も熱狂的にこれに関与した。義勇兵として駆けつけて現地で病死した詩人バイロンも、バイロンの詩に触発されて反オスマン宣伝画と言うべき大作「キオス島の虐殺」を描いたドラクロワも、「アラブの春」に熱狂して各国の体制転覆を支援して現地に赴き、国際メディアで論陣を張り、決死の潜入を行ってドキュメンタリー映像を撮ってくる、今の欧米市民社会に見出される面々の同類と考えれば分かりやすい。

ローマ帝国とその片割れのビザンツ帝国に受け継がれた環地中海文明の中核としてのギリシアは、1453年のコンスタンチノープル征服以来、全面的にオスマン帝国の支配下に入り、イスラーム文明圏の一部に統合されていた。第1次世界大戦の時点でも、最大のギリシア人人口を抱える都市は依然としてイスタンブールであり、次いでサロニカ(現在のテッサロニキ)であった。オスマン帝国の首都イスタンブールはもちろんだが、地理的に「ヨーロッパ」側に位置するサロニカにしても、オスマン帝国が最終的に崩壊する段階までその版図の中に残った。

サロニカはギリシア人だけでなく、トルコ人などのイスラーム教徒や、ユダヤ教徒が共存する街だった。オスマン帝国の「緩やかな専制」の典型例だろう。サロニカはトルコ建国の父ケマル・アタチュルクの生まれた都市でもあり、オスマン帝国末期に、ケマルを含む青年将校を中心とした「青年トルコ人」たちの「統一と進歩委員会」が拠点を置いて、スルタン・アブデュルハミト2世の専制政治を打倒する革命運動を推進したことでも知られる。

「古代ギリシア化」されて生み出された近代ギリシア

一方、近代の独立国家としてのギリシアは、辺境の町と化していたアテネを中心に成立した。この小国は、西欧列強が競合してのテコ入れによって急速に作り変えられ、近代化の道を歩み始めた。1832年に成立したギリシア王国の初代国王はギリシア人ではない。ドイツ南部のバイエルン王国の王子オットー・フォン・ヴィッテルスバッハがギリシア風に「オソン1世」を名乗って就任した。列強の駆け引きと妥協の産物である。後には同様の理由から、オソン1世は廃され、デンマーク王家からゲオルギオス1世が迎えられて据え付けられた。

興味深いのは、ギリシアの近代化は、当時の西欧人が胸に抱く「古代ギリシア」をモデルとして行われたことだ。分かりやすいのは建築の分野である。外来の国王たちは西欧、特にドイツやオーストリアあるいはデンマークから「お雇い外国人」的な建築家・技術者を呼び寄せた。そこから、当時西欧で流行していた古代ギリシア・ローマに範を取った「新古典主義」の建築が、さらには「ギリシア復古様式」の建築が、盛んに行われた。

現在アテネに並び立つ多くの「ギリシア風」の建築物は、パルテノン神殿などの古代遺跡を除けば、近代に、主にドイツの建築家が、古代ギリシアの様々な様式・意匠を折衷して建てたものなのである(アテネの主要な建築物へのドイツ・オーストリア人建築家の関与については、池内恵「ギリシア 切り取られた過去」『外交』Vol. 12, 2012年3月, 156-159頁、クリックしてダウンロード)。

その典型例を、多くの読者はニュース映像ですでに目にしている。EUの提示する緊縮策に反対を叫ぶ群衆で埋まったアテネ中心部のシンタグマ広場に聳え立つ国会議事堂は、元来はオソン1世の宮殿として、1842年に建てられたものである。オソン1世の父であるバイエルン王ルートヴィヒ1世は、宮殿造営の資金を出し、お気に入りの建築家フリードリッヒ・フォン・ゲルトナーに設計させた。

BBCなど国際メディアでギリシア問題を報じる特派員は、必ずと言っていいほど、この新古典様式の大伽藍のファサードを背景にして立つ。ドイツ人をはじめとした西欧人の想像の中の古代ギリシアに範を取って作られた、近代ギリシアのねじれた歴史を無意識に暗示しているかのように見える。

切り詰められたギリシア

ギリシアは西欧のいわば「内なる植民地」だったのではないか。オスマン帝国に支配されイスラーム世界に組み込まれていた前近代ギリシアを切り取り、西欧人の想像する古代ギリシアを植え付けていった。そこに「西洋化」を受け入れ、古代ギリシア人の末裔としてのアイデンティティを発見した近代ギリシアとギリシア人が誕生する。

アテネを首都としてギリシアでは民族主義が高揚し、第1次世界大戦でオスマン帝国が崩壊すると、ギリシア人の故地とみなす最大の版図を取り戻そうと目論み(メガリ・イデア=大ギリシア主義)を掲げて、サロニカをはじめとしたヨーロッパ側の領域を制圧し、アナトリア半島に上陸する。しかしケマルを中心にした旧オスマン軍人・知識人らによるトルコ民族主義の台頭と結集により撃退され、アナトリアの占領地を放棄して、現在のギリシアの領土に切り詰められた。何よりも、中世のギリシア人にとっての首都であるイスタンブール(コンスタンチノープル)を奪い返せなかった。

トルコ共和国勢力は、ギリシア人だけでなく、同様に独立国と版図拡大を狙うアルメニア人やクルド人などの諸民族の攻勢も撃退し、アナトリア半島の大部分への支配権を奪い返し、イスタンブールのヨーロッパ側を死守した。オスマン帝国のバルカン南部の領域を東欧諸国と争いながらどうにか確保したギリシアとトルコの間で、「住民交換」が行われた。すなわちアナトリア半島にいたギリシア正教徒と、ヨーロッパ側にいたイスラーム教徒を交換する、強制移住である。多くの人々が生まれ育った土地を追われ、飢えや虐殺で多くの人命が失われた。

第1次世界大戦後のオスマン帝国分割に伴った惨禍は、現在シリアやイラクの内戦下で進む住民の多数の難民化と、似通うところがある。それは偶然の一致ではなく、オスマン帝国の崩壊に伴う、帝国治下の諸民族・諸宗教の、自立した国民国家への統合の際の不全という問題が、現在のアラブ諸国と当時のギリシアに共通しているからではないか。

ギリシアの「親離れ」は可能か

2世紀をかけて行われてきた西洋化・近代化によって、全面的に作り変えられたかのように見えるギリシアでさえも、金融支援をめぐるドイツを筆頭とした西欧「先進」諸国との激しいやり取りの中で、アラブ世界と共通の、オスマン帝国の旧領域・属領が内包した問題を、底流でなおも引き摺っていることを露わにする。

ギリシアはその祖先と文明がヨーロッパの源流であるという、もっぱら近代の西欧先進国側が抱いた観念によって、「非西洋」としての扱いを形式上・理念的には受けなかった。どれだけ努力してもトルコがEUに入れてもらえないのに対して、ギリシアが当然のようにEUに加盟し、多くが無理と薄々感じていたユーロ導入すら許されたのは、近代ギリシアが古代ギリシアの末裔であるという観念があったことによる。冷戦という文脈ではトルコもギリシアも共にNATO(北大西洋条約機構)の最前線で共産勢力と対峙した。相違は文化と文明的起源だけである。その起源にしても、近代に西欧人主導で「想像」されたものなのである。

しかしギリシアの近代化と国民国家形成の実態においては、アラブ諸国と共通した、旧オスマン帝国版図の諸国民に対する西欧列強の植民地支配の様相が色濃くある。ギリシアはドイツとの激しいやり取りの中で、忘れていた脱植民地化の過程を今辿り直そうとしているのかもしれない。そこに、ギリシアのアラブ諸国やトルコとの共通性が見えてくる。政治経済的な苦境に直面した時に、極右ではなく極左のポピュリズムが台頭する様は、やはり西欧先進国よりもアラブ諸国に近い。

チプラスを「かなり遅れてきたナセル」と形容すれば、さすがに類推の度が過ぎるだろうか。しかしエジプトで1950-60年代にアラブ民族主義を唱道したナセルが栄光の絶頂に達したのは、1956年にスエズ運河を国有化し、英仏の支配に刃向かった時だった。エジプトは前政権(王政)の債務不履行によって西欧列強の管理下に入り、スエズ運河は英仏に差し押さえられた。クーデタで台頭したナセルが、いわば「金なら返せん!」と踏み倒したところ、国民は歓呼の声を上げた。借金を踏み倒せば信頼と面目を失うのが文明社会のルールだが、一方の側が不当と感じる、非対称な関係の下での債務は、いっそ踏み倒してしまう方が支持を呼び覚ますことがある。それが途上国の民族主義の主要な要素である。一度踏み倒せばもう二度と借りられなくなるので早晩行き詰るはずだが、ナセルはソ連に接近し、米ソを両天秤にかけて資金援助を引き出し続けようとした。ギリシアがEUと決別してロシアや中国の側に走ってしまうことを恐れたのか、見かねた米国が割って入ろうとしていることも、1956年のエジプトと英仏の対立との類推を誘う。

チプラス政権が緊縮策を要求するドイツに対して牙を剥き、国民がそれを支持するのは、ドイツを中心とした近代西欧の「親」たちから、「古代ギリシア」という夢を投影され、それに合わせて成長することを条件に過度に甘やかされて育った「子」としての近代のギリシアが、遅まきながら、本当に親離れする反抗期を迎えたことを意味するのかもしれない。しかし親子共々老齢に達して活力を失い、懐具合が寂しくなってからの諍いには救いがなく、時に陰惨な結果を招きかねない。また、ギリシアの行動様式がどこか「地中海東方の悪友」たちに似てくるのも、気になるところである。

池内恵

東京大学先端科学技術研究センター准教授。1973年生れ。東京大学大学院総合文化研究科地域文化研究専攻博士課程単位取得退学。日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所研究員、国際日本文化研究センター准教授を経て、2008年10月より現職。著書に『現代アラブの社会思想』『イスラーム世界の論じ方』(2009年サントリー学芸賞受賞)、本誌連載をまとめた『中東 危機の震源を読む』などがある。

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(2015年7月8日フォーサイトより転載)

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Greece Bailout(15 of59)
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Greece\'s Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras delivers a speech during a rally organized by supporters of the No vote in Athens, Friday, July 3, 2015. A new opinion poll shows a dead heat in Greece\'s referendum campaign with just two days to go before Sunday\'s vote on whether Greeks should accept more austerity in return for bailout loans. The podium reading \'\'We are writing history, NO.\'\' (AP Photo/Petros Giannakouris) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(16 of59)
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A girl looks out of a voting booth during the Greek referendum on austerity measures in Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ARIS MESSINIS (Photo credit should read ARIS MESSINIS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ARIS MESSINIS via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(17 of59)
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A person holds his ballot before voting during the Greek referendum on July 5, 2015 in Aegina. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU (Photo credit should read IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(18 of59)
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A person casts his ballot during the Greek referendum on July 5, 2015 in Aegina. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU (Photo credit should read IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(19 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 5: Voting officials count votes after polls are closed in Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Milos Bicanski/Getty Images) (credit:Milos Bicanski via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(20 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 5: Voting officials count votes after polls are closed in Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Milos Bicanski/Getty Images) (credit:Milos Bicanski via Getty Images)
Greece Bailout(21 of59)
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Demonstrators attend the speech of Greece\'s Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras during a rally organized by supporters of the No vote at Syntagma square in Athens, Friday, July 3, 2015. A new opinion poll shows a dead heat in Greece\'s referendum campaign with just two days to go before Sunday\'s vote on whether Greeks should accept more austerity in return for bailout loans. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(22 of59)
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Greece\'s Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras delivers a speech during a rally organized by supporters of the No vote in Athens, Friday, July 3, 2015. A new opinion poll shows a dead heat in Greece\'s referendum campaign with just two days to go before Sunday\'s vote on whether Greeks should accept more austerity in return for bailout loans. The podium reading \'\'We are writing history, NO.\'\' (AP Photo/Petros Karadjias) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(23 of59)
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A man waves a Greek flag at Syntagma Square in front of the Greek parliament in central Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls July 5 to vote in a historic, tightly-fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity measures in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see the country crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ANDREAS SOLARO (Photo credit should read ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ANDREAS SOLARO via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(24 of59)
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A child plays with a pigeon next to a Greek Presidental Evzoni guard, in front of the Greek parliament in central Athens on July 5, 2015. A referendum to decide whether or not Greece will accept the bailout conditions proposed jointly by the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank took place on July 5, with initial polls suggesting the Greek country not wanting to pay back their creditors. AFP PHOTO / ANDREAS SOLARO (Photo credit should read ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ANDREAS SOLARO via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(25 of59)
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A woman, supporting a \'No\' vote in the Greek referendum, holds a Greek national flag as she celebrates at Syntagma Square in Athens on July 5, 2015 after the first exit-polls of a referendum on austerity measures. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly-fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity measures in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see the country crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ANDREAS SOLARO (Photo credit should read ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ANDREAS SOLARO via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(26 of59)
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A Greek Presidental Evzoni guard stands at attention in front of the Greek parliament in central Athens on July 5, 2015. A referendum to decide whether or not Greece will accept the bailout conditions proposed jointly by the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank took place on July 5, with initial polls suggesting the Greek country not wanting to pay back their creditors. AFP PHOTO / ANDREAS SOLARO (Photo credit should read ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ANDREAS SOLARO via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(27 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 05: The sun sets through Grrek flags over the Greek parliament as the polls have now closed in the Greek austerity referendum and people are begining to gather in the squares of Athens waiting for the official result on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Christopher Furlong via Getty Images)
Greece Bailout(28 of59)
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The Greek, right, and the European flags wave under the ancient Acropolis hill in Athens, Sunday, July 5, 2015. Greeks lined up at polling stations and ATMs alike Sunday as the country voted on its financial future, choosing in a referendum whether to accept creditors\' demands for more austerity in return for rescue loans or defiantly reject the deal. (AP Photo/Petros Giannakouris) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(29 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 05: People place their referendum votes in the ballot box at a school in the suburbs of Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Christopher Furlong via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(30 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 05: People place their referendum votes in the ballot box at a school in the suburbs of Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Christopher Furlong via Getty Images)
Greece Bailout(31 of59)
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A man uses an ATM of a bank as the advertising banner on purple color reading \'\'Solutions for savings\'\' in Athens, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Tsipras has vowed to push on with his plan for a referendum this Sunday on the recent proposals from the country\'s creditors. (AP Photo/Petros Karadjias) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(32 of59)
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Pensioners stand in a queue as others, left, use the ATMs of a bank in Athens, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. About 1,000 bank branches around the country were ordered by the government to reopen Wednesday to help desperate pensioners without ATM cards cash up to 120 euros ($134) from their retirement checks. Eurozone finance ministers were set to weigh Greece\'s latest proposal for aid Wednesday. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(33 of59)
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Pedestrians walk next to the Bank of Greece headquarters and a poster by governing party Syriza reading \'\'NO for democracy and dignity\'\' in Athens, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. European officials and Greek opposition parties have been adamant that a \"No\" vote on Sunday will mean Greece will leave the euro and possibly even the EU. The government rejects the argument as scaremongering, and says dismissing creditor demands will mean the country is in a better negotiating position. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(34 of59)
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A woman takes a photograph with her cellphone of the screens during Greece\'s Prime Minister Alexis Tsirpas televised address to the nation, in Athens, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Tsipras assures voters bank deposits still in Greece will not be lost and Europe must stop acting in \'\'undemocratic way\'\'. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(35 of59)
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People walk on Monastiraki square in central Athens, on Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Greece\'s government pressed ahead Wednesday with its plan to put austerity measures to voters after European creditors rebuffed its latest proposal for a new aid program. (AP Photo/Petros Karadjias) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(36 of59)
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Demonstrators destroy a European flag during a rally by supporters of the no vote to the upcoming referendum in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Eurozone finance ministers decided Wednesday to break off talks on more aid for Greece until after it holds a weekend referendum, even as the Greek government pressed ahead with plans to let the people decide whether to accept more austerity measures in exchange for a rescue deal. (AP Photo/Giannis Papanikos) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(37 of59)
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Demonstrators shout slogans during a rally by supporters of the \'No\' vote to the upcoming referendum in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Eurozone finance ministers decided Wednesday to break off talks on more aid for Greece until after it holds a weekend referendum, even as the Greek government pressed ahead with plans to let the people decide whether to accept more austerity measures in exchange for a rescue deal. (AP Photo/Giannis Papanikos) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(38 of59)
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The ancient Acropolis hill, with the ruins of the fifth century BC Parthenon temple in seen after a sunset in central Athens, Wednesday, July 1, 2015. Greece\'s government pressed ahead with its plan to put austerity measures to voters after European creditors rebuffed its latest proposal for a new aid program. (AP Photo/Petros Karadjias) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(39 of59)
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A pensioner sits on a chair after feeling dizzy while she was lining up to be allowed into a bank to withdraw a maximum of 120 euros ($134) for the week, Thursday, July 2, 2015. Greece braced for more chaos on the streets outside its mostly shuttered banks Thursday, as Athens and its creditors halted talks on resolving the country\'s deepening financial crisis until a referendum this weekend. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(40 of59)
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Pensioners line up as they wait to be allowed into a bank to withdraw a maximum of 120 euros ($134) for the week, Thursday, July 2, 2015. Greece braced for more chaos on the streets outside its mostly shuttered banks Thursday, as Athens and its creditors halted talks on resolving the country\'s deepening financial crisis until a referendum this weekend. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(41 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 5: An Orthodox priest puts a referendum vote in the ballot box at a school on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Milos Bicanski/Getty Images) (credit:Milos Bicanski via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(42 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 5: People put referendum votes in the ballot box at a school on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Milos Bicanski/Getty Images) (credit:Milos Bicanski via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(43 of59)
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A young boy waits as his grandmother prepares her vote in a voting booth during the Greek referendum in Thessaloniki on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / SAKIS MITROLIDIS (Photo credit should read SAKIS MITROLIDIS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:SAKIS MITROLIDIS via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(44 of59)
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Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras casts his ballot during the Greek referendum in Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ARIS MESSINIS (Photo credit should read ARIS MESSINIS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ARIS MESSINIS via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(45 of59)
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Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras prepares to cast his ballot during the Greek referendum in Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ARIS MESSINIS (Photo credit should read ARIS MESSINIS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ARIS MESSINIS via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(46 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 05: Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras puts his referendum vote in the ballot box at a school in the suburbs of Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Christopher Furlong via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(47 of59)
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Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras speaks to journalists after voting during the Greek referendum in Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ANDREAS SOLARO (Photo credit should read ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ANDREAS SOLARO via Getty Images)
The People Of Greece Vote In A Referendum Over Debt Bailout Terms(48 of59)
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ATHENS, GREECE - JULY 05: Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras leaves the voting booth as he votes in the referendum referendum at a school in the suburbs of Athens on July 5, 2015 in Athens, Greece. The people of Greece are going to the polls to decide if the country should accept the terms and conditions of a bailout with its creditors. Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is urging people to vote \'a proud no\' to European creditors\' proposals, and \'live with dignity in Europe\'. \'Yes\' campaigners believe that a no vote would mean financial ruin for Greece and the loss of the Euro currency. (Photo by Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) (credit:Christopher Furlong via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(49 of59)
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Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras votes during the Greek referendum in Athens on July 5, 2015. Greek voters headed to the polls today to vote in a historic, tightly fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see it crash out of the euro. AFP PHOTO / ARIS MESSINIS (Photo credit should read ARIS MESSINIS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ARIS MESSINIS via Getty Images)
Greece Bailout(50 of59)
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Supporters of the No vote hang a banner reading in Greek and English \'\'\'NO to austerity and fear\'\' referring to the upcoming referendum atop of Lycabettus hill in Athens, Thursday, July 2, 2015. The battle for Greek votes entered full swing Thursday ahead of a crucial weekend referendum that could decide whether the country falls out of the euro. (Antonis Nikolopoulos/Eurokinissi via AP) GREECE OUT (credit:ap)
Greece Bailout(51 of59)
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Tourists and a lottery ticket vendor walk past various flags in Athens, on Friday, July 3, 2015. The brief but intense campaign in Greece\'s critical bailout referendum ends Friday, with simultaneous rallies in Athens for \"Yes\" and \"No\" supporters in what an opinion poll shows will be a very close race. (AP Photo/Petros Giannakouris) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(52 of59)
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Bathers lie on the beach during Greece\'s referendum day in southern Athens, Sunday, July 5, 2015. Greeks were voting Sunday in a bailout referendum that will decide the country\'s future, with opinion polls showing people evenly split on whether to accept creditors\' proposals for more austerity in exchange for rescue loans or defiantly reject the deal. (AP Photo/Petr David Josek) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Greece Bailout(53 of59)
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Bathers lie on the beach during Greece\'s referendum day in southern Athens, Sunday, July 5, 2015. Greeks were voting Sunday in a bailout referendum that will decide the country\'s future, with opinion polls showing people evenly split on whether to accept creditors\' proposals for more austerity in exchange for rescue loans or defiantly reject the deal. (AP Photo/Petr David Josek) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(54 of59)
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A boy holds a Greek national flag as people celebrate in front of the parliament on July 5, 2015 in Athens after early results showed those who rejected further austerity measures in a crucial bailout referendum were poised to win. Greek voters headed to the polls July 5 to vote in a historic, tightly-fought referendum on whether to accept worsening austerity measures in exchange for more bailout funds, in a gamble that could see the country crash out of the euro.FP PHOTO /IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU (Photo credit should read IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:IAKOVOS HATZISTAVROU via Getty Images)
GREECE-EU-REFERENDUM-DEBT(55 of59)
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Greek parliament\'s president and Syriza party member, Zoe Kostantopoulou (C) embraces a \'NO\' supporter , as she joins the celebrations in front of the parliament latein Athens on July 5, 2015. Greece\'s Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said that the \'No\' victory in the country\'s bailout referendum did not mean Athens was headed for a so-called Grexit. AFP PHOTO / Louisa Gouliamaki (Photo credit should read LOUISA GOULIAMAKI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:LOUISA GOULIAMAKI via Getty Images)
Japan Financial Markets(56 of59)
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A woman walks past an electronic stock indicator of a securities firm in Tokyo, Monday, July 6, 2015. Greece\'s foray into the unknown with its rejection of terms set by its international creditors is jolting markets as investors react to looming uncertainties. (AP Photo/Shizuo Kambayashi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Australia Financial Markets(57 of59)
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A display board at the Australian Stock Exchange flashes red indicating the losses of several names in Sydney, Monday, July 6, 2015. Asian markets are falling as investors reacted to Greece\'s sound rejection of terms set by its international creditors, deepening uncertainties over its status as a member of the 19-nation eurozone. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Financial Markets(58 of59)
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A currency trader walks by a screen showing the Korea Composite Stock Price Index at the foreign exchange dealing room of the Korea Exchange Bank headquarters in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, July 6, 2015. Asian markets mostly fell Monday as investors reacted to Greece\'s sound rejection of terms set by its international creditors, deepening uncertainties over its status as a member of the 19-nation eurozone. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Financial Markets(59 of59)
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Currency traders work at the foreign exchange dealing room of the Korea Exchange Bank headquarters in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, July 6, 2015. Asian markets mostly fell Monday as investors reacted to Greece\'s sound rejection of terms set by its international creditors, deepening uncertainties over its status as a member of the 19-nation eurozone.(AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)