イラク介入に「及び腰」のアメリカ政府、軍事支援も効果は限定的か

オバマ米大統領が国民の間で極めて人気の低かったイラク戦争の終結を宣言してからおよそ2年半。武装勢力の猛攻にさらされているイラク政府に対して、米政権が実行し得る支援策は極めて少なく、検討されている空爆すらもその効果には疑問符が付いているのが実情だ。
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Reuters

[ワシントン 13日 ロイター] - オバマ米大統領が国民の間で極めて人気の低かったイラク戦争の終結を宣言してからおよそ2年半。武装勢力の猛攻にさらされているイラク政府に対して、米政権が実行し得る支援策は極めて少なく、検討されている空爆すらもその効果には疑問符が付いているのが実情だ。

イスラム教スンニ派武装組織「イラクとレバントのイスラム国(ISIL)」が首都バグダッドに向けて南進を続ける中、オバマ大統領は数日内に窮地に立たされたイラク政府の支援について発表する見通しだ。

オバマ大統領はすでに地上部隊派遣の可能性を否定している。米政府当局者によると、ISILに対する空爆や、武器供与の拡大、イラク治安部隊への軍事訓練強化などが検討されている。また、米政府はすでに無人機による情報収集活動を強化しているという。

しかし政権の内外からは、内戦に陥り分裂する危機からイラクを守る意思が、はたして米政府にあるのか疑問視する見方が強まっている。

イラクでは米軍が訓練を施した治安部隊が敗北し、北部の都市が次々と陥落。米政府当局者によると、想定を上回る速さで展開する事態に、米国がこれを制御するのは難しいのではないかとの懸念が生じたという。ある米政府高官は「これはかなり厳しい状況だ」と述べた。

ホワイトハウスに近い関係筋によると、米政府の対応が失敗した際のリスクを緩和するため、オバマ政権は段階的な支援策を選択する可能性がある。まずイラク軍の支援にとどめ、さらに状況が悪化した場合は、より直接的な軍事行動をとるといった方法だ。

イラク支援策をめぐる最大の焦点は、戦闘機または無人機による空爆を行うかどうかという点だ。国防総省が13日の会見で「動的攻撃」と呼んだこうした作戦は、米海軍の空母またはトルコのインシルリク空軍基地から行われる可能性がある。また同省は、米海軍のジョージ・ブッシュ空母戦闘群がすでに「現場に」展開していることを明らかにした。

米軍が空爆に踏み切れば、イラク政府を存続させることへの米政府の決意を武装組織に示すことができると考えられている。その一方で国家安全保障当局者は、空爆が、移動を続ける武装組織に的を絞り、どれだけ戦闘能力をそぐことができるのか懐疑的にみている。

安保当局者らは、空爆により都市やインフラに壊滅的なダメージを与えれば、危機を悪化させる可能性すらある、と危惧する。またもう一つの大きな懸念として、誤爆で友軍や民間人に被害が及ぶ危険性がつきまとう。

<的を絞った的確な軍事行動とは>

オバマ大統領は13日、イラクでの軍事行動は「的を絞った的確」なものになるだろうと述べた。これは民間の犠牲を防ぎつつも、米国民をイラクの宗派間対立の泥沼にひきづりこまれないようにしたいという政権の慎重な姿勢の表れとみられている。

事情に詳しい元米政府当局者は、オバマ政権は米軍の関与を極力抑えようと模索していると指摘。国防総省が提案する武器供与や兵員訓練、空爆などの支援に踏み切るかは極めて懐疑的だと語った。この元当局者によると、大統領と側近は、イラク政府への武器売却を増やすことに焦点を当てる一方、ISILに対する無人機を使った攻撃の提案には消極的だという。

イラク軍への武器供与の迅速化にも問題がないわけではない。

小型の武器や対テロ用の装備は短期間での供与が可能だが、F16戦闘機やアパッチ攻撃ヘリといった大型の装備品は生産から配備までに長時間を要する。

イラク政府が要望する地対空ミサイルの提供は、早めることが可能だ。地対空ミサイル「ヘルファイヤー」を製造する米ロッキード・マーティンは、要請があれば米政府と協調して出荷を早める用意があると発表した。

しかし米政府当局者らは、米国製の輸送車両や装備品が武装勢力の手に渡ったことを受けて、イラクで拙速に事を運ぶことを警戒している。

国防総省は時折ホワイトハウスの政策担当者からの抵抗にあいながらも、過去数カ月にわたりイラクの武装勢力対策を支援するよう求めてきた。しかし専門家らは、現在協議されている提案はいずれも、イラク軍の戦況を好転させるには不十分だと指摘する。

米政府の元高官で、米ブルッキングス研究所のケン・ポラック氏は、米政権は対策を迫られているが、提示された案はいずれも「基本的に、現状に何ら効果を及ぼすことのない」ものばかりだ、と指摘。

さらに、イラクのマリキ政権は少数のスンニ派を疎外しており、米政府がシーア派政権に肩入れしているとの見方が広がれば、事態はより一層複雑なものになりかねないと警告した。

(Matt Spetalnick記者、Mark Hosenball記者 翻訳:新倉由久 編集:佐藤久仁子)

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