ダーイシュ(イスラム国)のラマディ制圧は、アメリカ主導の有志連合軍に大打撃となった

シーア派民兵の動員は、ラマディの住民の間に新たな不安を引き起こしている。
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Security forces defend their headquarters against attacks by Islamic State extremists during sand storm in the eastern part of Ramadi, the capital of Anbar province, 115 kilometers (70 miles) west of Baghdad, Iraq, Thursday, May 14, 2015. Islamic State extremists tend to take advantage of bad weather when they attack Iraqi security forces positions, an Iraqi officer said. (AP Photo)
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ダーイシュ(イスラム国)は5月17日、イラク西部アンバル州の州都ラマディを制圧し、政府軍は基地から撤退した。3日間に及んだ戦闘で500人近くが死亡し、国連は約2万5000人の住民が避難したと発表した

ラマディの陥落は、政府軍とアメリカ主導の有志連合軍の軍事作戦に大きな打撃を与えた。有志連合軍の空爆とイラク軍の地上戦でダーイシュは劣勢に立たされているというアメリカ政府の主張には疑問がある。

有志連合軍が空爆で支援したにもかかわらず、イラク軍はダーイシュを撃退できなかっただけではなく、州都ラマディと、シリアとイラクを結ぶ幹線道路を失った。

イラク軍の防衛ラインだったラマディが陥落し、ダーイシュをアンバル州から追い出すと4月に宣言したハイダル・アバディ首相の目論見が白紙に戻ったことになる。これは、ダーイシュとの戦闘にイラク軍を中心に据えて立て直そうするするアメリカ政府の動きにも疑問が出ている。2015年後半には、ダーイシュに支配されている都市モスルにイラク軍が大規模攻撃を仕掛ける予定だが、本当に奪還できるのかは不透明だ。

アメリカ政府はこれまでのところ、ラマディ陥落について深刻に捉えていない。ラマディの陥落は「後退」と認める一方で、18日、イラク軍によるラマディの奪還を支援すると明言した。

ラマディ奪還の使命は、イラク軍だけでなく、シーア派の民兵組織にも委ねられている。

イラク軍の敗北を受けてアバディ首相は、主要都市の奪還のために、イランが支援するシーア派民兵組織の援軍を要請した。シーア派の民兵は、すでにイラク国内でダーイシュ軍事作戦の主要な役割を果たしている。最も有名なものは、2015年初めの、ティクリートでの戦闘だ。 19日、シーア派の民兵組織は、戦闘に備えてラマディ郊外に集結した。

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ダーイシュの戦士がアンバル州都の最後の州庁舎の包囲攻撃を強めたため、2015年5月16日にラマディの自宅から逃げてきた住民。(SABAH ARAR/AFP/Getty 写真)

しかし、シーア派民兵の動員は、ラマディの住民の間に新たな不安を引き起こしている。イギリスの「ガーディアン」紙によると、専門家やこの地域の部族長は、ラマディの人口の多数を占めるスンニ派とシーア派民兵との宗派間の対立を恐れている。

彼らの不安には根拠がないわけではない。シーア派民兵は、ティクリートを奪還すると略奪を行い、ダーイシュ支持者と疑われる者を次々と死刑にしたと非難された。

1月にバルワナの村でスンニ派イスラム教徒が72人殺害された事件も、シーア派民兵の仕業だと考えられている。人権団体「ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ」は、シーア派民兵が起こしたおびただしい数の犯罪を報告した。

ブルッキングス研究所のチャールズ・リスターは18日、BBCラジオ4で「シーア派民兵の多くは、非常に宗派色の強い旗を掲げ、……非常に過激な反スンニ派的な歌や言葉を使用する。そうすると、ISIL(ダーイシュ)のようなグループが宗派間の対立を利用することになる。彼らに餌を与えるようなものだ」と語った。

シーア派民兵が突出すると、すでに脆弱なアバディ首相の基盤がさらに弱体化する。ニューヨーク・タイムズによると、イラク政府高官やアナリストは、強大なシーア派民兵に比べると、アバディ首相のアンバル州奪還計画は効果が期待できないので、首相に力がないとみているイラクの政治家たちが首相を攻撃していると語った。

19日以降、ダーイシュはラマディの支配を強めている。ロイターによると、目撃者の証言としてダーイシュは反撃に備えて防御を強化するため、ラマディ周辺に地雷を埋めた。一方、この地域にとどまっている住民たちは、すぐにでも集中攻撃を浴びると不安の声をあげている。

ダーイシュ、ラマディ制圧
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Security forces defend their headquarters against attacks by Islamic State extremists during sand storm in the eastern part of Ramadi, the capital of Anbar province, 115 kilometers (70 miles) west of Baghdad, Iraq, Thursday, May 14, 2015. Islamic State extremists tend to take advantage of bad weather when they attack Iraqi security forces positions, an Iraqi officer said. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Security forces defend their headquarters against attacks by Islamic State extremists during sand storm in the eastern part of Ramadi, the capital of Anbar province, 115 kilometers (70 miles) west of Baghdad, Iraq, Thursday, May 14, 2015. Islamic State extremists tend to take advantage of bad weather when they attack Iraqi security forces positions, an Iraqi officer said. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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