IS(イスラム国)の魔の手がロヒンギャに迫る

たった1人でもロヒンギャがISに取り込まれたら、ミャンマー国内の宗派間対立と周辺地域の難民問題は悪化するだけだ。
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AP / Getty Images

ミャンマーはまだIS(イスラム国)の標的リストに含まれてはいない。つまり、アジア、アフリカそしてヨーロッパの一部を征服しようとするISの5カ年計画の中には登場しない。そして他のイスラム過激派組織のアフガン・タリバンアル・シャバブそしてパキスタン・タリバンはミャンマー国内での仏教徒によるイスラム少数派への暴力行為に対して繰り返しジハード(聖戦)を宣告しているが、ISからこれといった反応は見られない。

しかし非常に残念なことに、事態は変わりつつあるようだ。最近の報道によると、イスラム国は今歴史的に迫害されてきたイスラム系少数民族ロヒンギャ(その一部は未だに近隣諸国への難民となるために命がけでミャンマーから逃亡している) から人材を勧誘しようとしている可能性だ。

もしこの勧誘が現実となったら、新しい民主国家と賞賛された2012年以降のミャンマーの改革が水泡に帰す事態に発展しかねない。現在懸念されているのは、11月8日に行われるミャンマー総選挙 (民主主義の象徴であるアウンサンスーチー氏はまだ立候補対象ではない) の正当性は、ISがもたらすリスクに比べれば見劣りしてしまう。事実、これが仏教過激派の手によるイスラム教徒大虐殺への決定的な引き金になる可能性もある。

ロヒンギャに対するミャンマーの姿勢

ミャンマー政府(そして仏教徒の市民。一部の若者運動家を除く)はイスラム系少数民族ロヒンギャに対し全く無関心なのは疑いの余地がない。

ロヒンギャは、ミャンマー国内にいる135の少数民族、または8つの主要国家認定民族のどれにも属さない。彼らには市民権がないのだ。彼らの就業機会はごく限られており(強制労働以外は)、130万人のうち14万人は今現在、病気が蔓延する国境沿いのキャンプで暮らしている。2012年には、ティン・セン大統領自ら公式に声明を発表し、イスラム系少数民族に対する解決策は、彼らを他の国にある国連主導の難民キャンプに追放するしかないと語った。

2015年1月10日、ロヒンギャに選挙権が与えられた。これは国際世論からの圧力によるものだ。進展のように思えるだろう。現実は違う。投票権は1日で撤回されたのだ。仏教過激派からの地元圧力によってだ。一部のロヒンギャが、ミャンマーでは「イスラム教徒であること自体が」だと感じると語るのも無理はないだろう。

多くが国を離れたが、その中には同じように貧しい境遇で暮らすことになる場合もある (参考:バングラデシュでは、ロヒンギャは洪水の多い島に移住させられたりする。マレーシアでは、彼らの就業できる政策はまったくない。タイでは、多くが暴行、強姦、または迫害を受けている)。

ミャンマーや他の地域にいる多くのロヒンギャには支援先がほとんど存在しないのは明白だ。だからこそISが、この厳しい立場に立たされている集団を勧誘枠の候補として指名したのだ。

ISがロヒンギャの戦闘員候補者たちに与えられる恩恵とは

それははっきりしている。ISや他のテロリスト組織が世界中から集まった新しい戦闘員たちに何を与えたのか考えてみよう。ある時は給料だった。21歳のパキスタン人アジャマル・アミール・カサブの例を見てみよう。長期間失業中の村人だったカサブは、2008年のムンバイ同時多発テロの構成員として1250ドルを稼ぐために参加した。他の人間たちは、ようやく手に入れた権利だった。

封建的地主からひどい扱いを受けていた借金まみれの農民や居住者たちの多くが、2010年の洪水災害の時にパキスタン・タリバンの勧誘で次々と戦闘員になった件を検討してみよう。そしてそれ以外の場合は、単純に自分たちの属している社会が与えるものより、思想が魅力的だからだ。若い女性たちがISに勧誘され、ジハード戦士の嫁になるため、カナダのケベックからイギリスのブラッドフォードにいたるまで去年1年間に集まった件を見てみるといい。

それではロヒンギャについて考えてみよう。彼らは十分な稼ぎが不足し、権利も与えられず、どこかに属しているという実感がない。彼らを受け入れないミャンマー政府と近隣諸国のおかげだ。もし1人でもロヒンギャがISからこのような理由で勧誘されたら、若い民主主義国家で宗派抗争の暴力が急激に悪化するだろう。

そのような事態は「ビルマのビン・ラディン」と呼ばれる、仏教過激派のアシン・ウィラスのような人物に一層ロヒンギャを攻撃する口実を与え、ひいてはイスラム教徒大虐殺へと繋がる火付け役となる可能性さえある。大虐殺に発展する最初の4段階を忘れないようにしよう。非難、嫌がらせ、隔離そして組織的な弱体化だ。これはすでにミャンマーで起こったことだ。ISがたった一人でもロヒンギャを勧誘したら、5段階目を勃発させる可能性もある。それは、大規模な殲滅だ。

この暗い未来を回避するためにできることとは

ミャンマー国内にはびこる反ロヒンギャの暴力の根絶、そしてISへの参入回避のため、政府が取るべきステップがある。

ステップ1. 他の国へ亡命したロヒンギャを連れ戻す。

ステップ2. ロヒンギャ全員をミャンマーの市民にして投票権も与える。

ステップ3. 全てのロヒンギャに教育と就業の機会を与え、彼らが社会の生産的な一員となり、ミャンマーの民主的な移行過程に協力できるようにする。

これは至極当然のようではあるが、残念ながらほぼ不可能だ。現実には、どれも実行に移すことはできない。今日も存在している、歴史的に定着した反イスラム教/反ロヒンギャの感情が政府と軍隊を含めた大多数の仏教徒からどうにかして消えない限り。

仏教過激派の政府に対する影響力も忘れないようにしよう。これについては謎に近いものがある (例えば7月7日に仏教僧侶たちがシェダゴン・パゴタ寺院近くの新しい開発計画に反対すると、政府はすぐに中止した)。

もっと現実的な最初の一歩は、なぜこのイスラム系少数派がこんなにも嫌われているのか、そしてなぜ仏教過激派だけでなく一般市民からも嫌われているのかを理解することだ。歴史家たちはこれをイギリスの植民地主義への反発だと説明してきた。

しかし今の時代はどうだろうか? 各国の政府、大学、または国際機関はなぜこのような憎悪が今になって独特な形で浮き彫りになったのかを調査させなければならない。学問の専門家と情熱のある博士課程の学生たちを投入しよう。

そして、このような否定的感情を覆し、主に仏教徒で占められる国民がロヒンギャ族をベンガルの異邦人ではなく同胞として見られるようにするため、なんらかの広報プログラムを導入できるのかを検討しよう。(注: 少数の若者たちがすでにTwitterFacebookでのキャンペーン「My Friend」をスタートさせ、仏教徒とイスラム教徒の間に友情を生むことは可能かを紹介している)。

結論

もし、たった1人でもロヒンギャがISに取り込まれたら、ミャンマー国内の宗派間対立と周辺地域の難民問題は悪化するだけだ。国内の仏教過激派はロヒンギャ (そしてその他のイスラム系少数派)を攻撃するより多くの口実を手に入れるだけだ。

これはかえって過激派僧侶たちが2014年9月に仏教界の同胞国スリランカと作成した国際的な反イスラム教協定にさらなる正当性を与えるばかりだ。仏教過激派たちは、おそらく次にこれらの国と周辺地域により深く浸透し、将来仏教とイスラム教の過激派同士の戦争への道を整備するようになるかもしれない。

ミャンマーよ、私たちはあなた方を応援している。

この記事はハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。

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In this Saturday, Feb. 14, 2015 photo, family relatives of abducted Coptic Christian Samuel Walham, one of 21 Coptic Egyptian men seized by Islamic State militants in the central city of Sirte, Libya more than a month ago, weep outside their home in the village of el-Aour, near Minya, 220 kilometers (135 miles) south of Cairo, Egypt. A video purporting to show the mass beheading of Coptic Christian hostages was released Sunday, Feb. 15, 2015, by militants in Libya affiliated with the Islamic State group. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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An Iraqi woman reacts as she looks at her destroyed home after returning on February 14, 2015 to the village of Al-Mansuriya, 65 kilometres north-east of Diyala province, north of Baghdad, from which she and thousands of others were displaced due to fighting between government forces and militants from the Islamic State (IS) group. Iraqi government forces and allied militia retook Al-Mansuriya from the IS group\'s control on February 2, 2015. AFP PHOTO / YOUNIS AL-BAYATI (Photo credit should read YOUNIS AL-BAYATI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:YOUNIS AL-BAYATI via Getty Images)
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SANLIURFA, TURKEY - FEBRUARY 12: A Group of Syrian Kurds, has been sheltering in Turkey as a result of ongoing clashes between Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) terrorists and Kurdish armed groups, return to their hometown Kobani (Ayn al-Arab) by the guidance of Turkish officials after ISIL leaves, in Sanliurfa, Turkey on February 12, 2015. (Photo by Halil Fidan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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SANLIURFA, TURKEY - FEBRUARY 12: A Group of Syrian Kurds, has been sheltering in Turkey as a result of ongoing clashes between Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) terrorists and Kurdish armed groups, return to their hometown Kobani (Ayn al-Arab) by the guidance of Turkish officials after ISIL leaves, in Sanliurfa, Turkey on February 12, 2015. (Photo by Halil Fidan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
A group of Syrian refugees return to their hometowns Kobani from Turkey(62 of62)
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SANLIURFA, TURKEY - FEBRUARY 12: A Group of Syrian Kurds, has been sheltering in Turkey as a result of ongoing clashes between Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) terrorists and Kurdish armed groups, return to their hometown Kobani (Ayn al-Arab) by the guidance of Turkish officials after ISIL leaves, in Sanliurfa, Turkey on February 12, 2015. (Photo by Halil Fidan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)