イスラム世界で開いた「パンドラの箱」 宗派戦争に終わり見えず

イラクの北西部から首都バグダッドに向かって進撃するイスラム教スンニ派の過激派組織。彼らはシーア派中心のマリキ政権を「異教徒」だと攻撃するが、こうしたイスラム世界の根深い宗派対立は、シリアの内戦を激化させ、さまざまな宗教や宗派が混ざり合うモザイク国家レバノンにも飛び火している。
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Reuters

イラクの北西部から首都バグダッドに向かって進撃するイスラム教スンニ派の過激派組織。彼らはシーア派中心のマリキ政権を「異教徒」だと攻撃するが、こうしたイスラム世界の根深い宗派対立は、シリアの内戦を激化させ、さまざまな宗教や宗派が混ざり合うモザイク国家レバノンにも飛び火している。

宗派対立の「パンドラの箱」は今や完全に開放されたと言え、これまで中東地域を支配していた伝統的な国家間の対立を凌ぐほどになっている。

そもそも中東では1979年、革命でイランにシーア派の政教一致政権が誕生し、長年のライバル関係にあった同国とサウジアラビアの間で宗派対立の構図が強まった。絶対君主制国家のサウジは、スンニ派のうち特にイスラム教の戒律に厳しいワッハーブ派を国教とする。

また、イラクは2003年の米国による進攻の結果、少数派であるスンニ派の支配的立場がシーア派に移り、それまで約100年続いた力の均衡が崩れ、民族的・宗派的な混乱状態に陥った。

内戦が続くシリアは、アサド大統領がシーア派の分派であるアラウィ派に属しており、反政府派はスン二派が多数を占める。今や、イラクのバグダッドからレバノンのベイルートまでの地域は、ほぼ継ぎ目なく「宗派対立」の戦いの場となっている。

<残虐行為>

こうした「戦場」では、国際武装組織アルカイダから派生したスンニ派組織「イラクとレバントのイスラム国(ISIL)」が勢力を拡大させるに伴い、残虐行為も目立ち始めている。

ISILがインターネット上に公開した動画では、同組織に属する兵士らが年老いた男性の家に押し入り、男性と2人の息子がマリキ政権下の治安部隊員として働いていることを責める場面が映し出されている。男性らは墓となる穴を自分で掘らされ、「もっと掘れ。なぜマリキの軍に参加した」と罵声を浴びせられる。動画はその後、許しを請う男性に刃物が振り下ろされたような場面で唐突に終わり、 「処刑された」という字幕が流れる。

ロイターがスカイプを通じて接触したISILのリーダーは、同組織が国境を越えたイスラム国家の建設を目指しているとし、こうした残虐行為もよく考えた上でのことだと説明。「われわれはマリキの支持者と彼の汚れた国家に対し、正しいイスラム法に照らして対処していく」と述べた。

「第2のビンラディン」とも称されるバグダディ容疑者が率いる同組織は29日、「カリフ(預言者ムハンマドの後継者)」を指導者とするイスラム国家を樹立すると一方的に宣言。世界中のイスラム教徒に忠誠を呼びかけた。

一方、シーア派も「目には目を」で応酬し、スンニ派が処刑される映像を流している。ある動画では、無差別に銃で撃たれた男性らが、壁中に血が飛び散った場所で横たわっている場面もある。

米ブルッキングズ研究所の上級研究員で、かつて国務省顧問も務めていたバリ・ナスル氏は「こうした国では国家のアイデンティティーが損なわれ、宗派のアイデンティティーが突出しつつある」と語った。

<疑似国家>

シーア派とスン二派の反目は過去にも流血の事態を招いたことはあったが、今はそれが、東地中海に面するシリアからアラビア海に面するイエメンまでの非常に広い範囲に広がっている。

アラブ世界を専門とする政治経済学者タレク・オスマン氏は「(対立は)宗教的もしくは政治的な理由だけでなく、個人的な利益や地政学的対立も火に油を注いでいる」と指摘。「宗派戦争」はアラブ社会でいくつもの独裁政権が倒れ、政治秩序が大きく変革しているのと同時に起きているとの見方を示した。

そして今、中東地域では過去150年で初めて、攻撃的で武力に長けたイスラム過激派が台頭。シリア東部からイラク西部までの広い範囲を掌握し、将来的な独立を視野に入れた疑似国家を築きつつある。オスマン氏は「そうなれば、この地域の国家や宗教的少数派にとってだけでなく、社会全体にとっての脅威だ」と危惧した。

ただ、イラク北部のスン二派が「マリキ憎し」でISILの進撃に力を貸したのは事実だとしても、ISILの偏狭性や残虐性が原因で、シリアや7年前のイラクで起きたのと同様の仲間割れが起きる可能性はある。

専門家らは、ISILの名の下に集まった聖戦主義者たちは、金や土地、権力をめぐる内紛で次第に分裂するともみている。また、掌握した広大な地域で行政機能を提供しなければならないため、内部分裂は早いと指摘する声もある。

英ロンドン大学東洋アフリカ研究学院のチャールズ・トリップ教授は「アルカイダの最大の強みの1つは、社会的側面を持たないことだ。彼らは考えで人を集めるが、電気や水道、社会的正義などを用意しなくてもよかった。ISILは違う」と述べた。

マリキ首相がほぼ有名無実化した同国の治安部隊を投入し、ISILが掌握したスンニ派地域を取り戻すことは考えにくい。とはいえ、イランの息がかかったシーア派武装組織アサイブ・アハル・アル・ハク(正道者同盟)を使って失地を奪回したとしても、宗派対立を一段と激化させるだけだろう。

「宗派戦争」について専門家の多くは、シリアからイラクまでのすべての当事者、つまり、シーア派、スンニ派、アラウィ派、そしてクルド人が、既存の国境内に引き続きとどまるにしても、自分たちの「絶対的地盤」を手に入れるまでは終わらないと予想している。[ベイルート 29日 ロイター]

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