カシミールめぐりインドとパキスタンが緊張状態 その背景は?

インドとパキスタンが領有権を争うカシミール地方で、両国が砲撃の応酬をするなど緊張が続いている。23日からは両国の安全保障部門の責任者による協議が予定されていたが、中止された。
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An Indian army soldier guards near fencing on the line of control near Balakot sector in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Monday, Aug.17, 2015. Despite a 2003 cease-fire, the two neighbors regularly trade fire, the latest coming as India celebrated Independence Day on Saturday. Pakistan observed it a day earlier. (AP Photo/Channi Anand)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

インドとパキスタンが領有権を争うカシミール地方で、両国が砲撃の応酬をするなど緊張が続いている。8月23日からはニューデリーで両国の安全保障部門の責任者による協議が行われる予定だったが、直前に中止された。カシミールをめぐる問題とは何か、整理した。

最近の情勢について、産経ニュースは次のように伝えた。

事前交渉でパキスタン側はカシミール問題を協議に含めることを求めたが、インド側は応じず、意見が対立したという。

インドのモディ首相とパキスタンのシャリフ首相は7月の会談で、安全保障部門の協議などで合意していた。

印パ安全保障協議が中止 - 産経ニュース 2015/08/23 19:21)

カシミール地方では7月27日、インド北部のパキスタン国境に近いパンジャブ州グルダスプールで、3人からなる武装グループが警察署などを襲撃、警官と市民計8人が殺害されるテロが起きた

8月15日には、インド・パキスタン双方から銃撃や砲撃があり、インドからの報道などによると、少なくとも市民4人が死亡、約20人が負傷。インドは、同国内でのテロ攻撃にパキスタン軍の関与を指摘、一方のパキスタン側はこれを否定している。このように、両国の信頼醸成の動きに影響が出ている。

※地図中のジャンムー・カシミール(ジャム・カシミール州)がインド側で、点線の「停戦ライン」より北がパキスタン側のアザド(自由)カシミール州。カシミール地域を囲み、北東が中国、南がインド、南西がパキスタン。

■カシミールめぐりインドとパキスタンは3度の戦争

カシミール地方は、インド北部からパキスタン北東部にかけての山岳地域。イギリス領時代は従属下で一定の支配権を認められる藩王国だった。住民の約5分の3がムスリム(イスラム教徒)だったが藩王がヒンドゥー教徒で、1947年8月のインド・パキスタンのイギリス領からの分離独立時に帰属が決まらず宙に浮いた。独立から2カ月後、イスラム教徒による暴動が発生。藩王はインドへの帰属を表明し、暴動の鎮圧にインド軍派兵を要請。ムスリム国家のパキスタンはこれを認めず、第1次印パ戦争が勃発した

1949年に国連の調停で停戦ラインが設けられ、両国に中国を加えた3カ国が実効支配地域を分け合うことに。1965年9月の第二次印パ戦争を経て、1971年12月には第三次印パ戦争が発生し、カシミール地方は戦場になった。1999年には再び印パ間の衝突(カルギル紛争)も発生した。

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1965年9月13日、第二次印パ戦争でインド領カシミールを歩くインド兵ら(Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images)

インド側カシミールでは1989年以降、イスラム過激派がテロ活動を中心とする運動を展開し、2010年までに約5万人が犠牲になっているとされる。1990年代後半からは、「ラシュカル・エ・タイバ」(LeT)などの過激派が参加。LeTはパキスタンのCIAと称されるISI(三軍統合情報局)が背後で糸を引いているとも、タリバンやアルカイダと関係するともいわれ、2008年11月には、約170名が殺害されたムンバイ・テロ事件を起こすなどしている。

インド政府は、ムンバイ・テロ事件などに対するISIなどの関与を指摘しているが、パキスタン政府はこれを否定。カシミール問題は、核問題とともに両国関係の改善を妨げる大きな要因となっている。

現職のインドのモディ首相とパキスタンのシャリフ首相は、カシミール紛争の終結に道筋を付けて経済交流を進めたい意向を持っているとされる。しかし、両国の関係に改善の兆しが見えるとテロなどこれに反対する動きが活発化するという堂々巡りがこれまで繰り返されてきてきた。一筋縄ではいかないようだ。

カシミールの風景(2015年8月)
INDIA-KASHMIR-UNREST(01 of14)
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Kashmiri women mourn during a funeral for an alleged Lashker-e-Toiba (LeT) militant in Kakapora, south of Srinagar, on August 7, 2015. One militant was killed in a gunfight with security forces in south Kashmir\'s Kakapora Pulwama. About a dozen rebel groups have been fighting Indian forces since 1989 for Kashmir\'s independence or for merger with Pakistan, with the fighting leaving tens of thousands of people, mostly civilians, dead. AFP PHOTO/Tauseef MUSTAFA (Photo credit should read TAUSEEF MUSTAFA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TAUSEEF MUSTAFA via Getty Images)
India Pakistan(02 of14)
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An Indian Border Security Force (BSF) soldier patrols along the Pargwal area of India-Pakistan international border in Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Sunday, Aug.9, 2015. The neighbors have fought two wars since 1947 over their competing claims to the Himalayan region of Kashmir. (AP Photo/Channi Anand) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
INDIA-KASHMIR-CLASH(03 of14)
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Indian police clash with supporters of the hardline faction of the All Parties Hurriyat Confrence (APHC) during a protest following the house arrest of APHC leader, Syed Ali Shah Geelani in Srinagar on August 23, 2015. Geelani was placed under house arrest shortly before attempting to leave his residence to address a seminar organised by the APHC. Police used tear smoke shells and water cannons to disperse hundreds of supporters protesting Geelani\'s arrest. AFP PHOTO/ Tauseef MUSTAFA (Photo credit should read TAUSEEF MUSTAFA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TAUSEEF MUSTAFA via Getty Images)
INDIA-KASHMIR-CLASH(04 of14)
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Indian police clash with supporters of the hardline faction of the All Parties Hurriyat Confrence (APHC) during a protest following the house arrest of APHC leader, Syed Ali Shah Geelani in Srinagar on August 23, 2015. Geelani was placed under house arrest shortly before attempting to leave his residence to address a seminar organised by the APHC. Police used tear smoke shells and water cannons to disperse hundreds of supporters protesting Geelani\'s arrest. AFP PHOTO/ Tauseef MUSTAFA (Photo credit should read TAUSEEF MUSTAFA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TAUSEEF MUSTAFA via Getty Images)
Protests In Srinagar(05 of14)
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SRINAGAR, INDIA - AUGUST 21: Kashmiri protesters shout anti-India and pro-Pakistan slogans as they hold Pakistani flags during a protest after Friday prayers outside Jamia Masjid on August 21, 2015 in Srinagar, India. The talks between Indian and Pakistan National Security Advisors (NSA) scheduled on August 23 is in jeopardy following Indiaâs hardening of stand against Pakistan for inviting Kashmiri separatist leaders for meeting its NSA Sartaj Aziz in Indian capital before his meeting with his Indian counterpart Ajit Doval. (Photo by Abid Bhat/Hindustan Times via Getty Images) (credit:Hindustan Times via Getty Images)
INDIA-KASHMIR-LABOUR(06 of14)
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Kashmiri government employees shout anti-government slogans during a protest in Srinagar on August 20, 2015. Dozens of government employees were detained as they tried to stage a protest demanding the regularisation of contractual employment status. AFP PHOTO/Tauseef MUSTAFA (Photo credit should read TAUSEEF MUSTAFA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TAUSEEF MUSTAFA via Getty Images)
Pilgrims Depart For Makkah Pilgrimage From Kashmir(07 of14)
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SRINAGAR , KASHMIR, INDIA - AUGUST 17: Relatives of an elderly Kashmiri Hajj pilgrim embrace her as they say goodbye as she departs for the annual Hajj pilgrimage on August 17, 2015 in Srinagar, the summer capital of Indian Administered Kashmir. The first batch of 680 Kashmiri Muslim Hajj pilgrims has left for the Holy Makkah in Saudi Arabia to perform annual Hajj pilgrimage.(Photo by Yawar Nazir/ Getty Images) (credit:Yawar Nazir via Getty Images)
Government Employees Protest In Kashmir(08 of14)
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SRINAGAR, KASHMIR, INDIA - AUGUST 10: Indian police stop Kashmiri government employees as they shout slogans during a protest against the government on August 10, 2015 in Srinagar, the summer capital of Indian Administered Kashmir, Indian. Indian police used water cannon to disperse thousands of Jammu and Kashmir teachers who were protesting against the government , the employees were demanding the regularization of daily wagers, casual labourers, seasonal and temporary workers who have been working in many government departments for the past many years as well as release of pending salaries. Several teachers were detained when they tried to march towards the residence of Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister . (Photo by Yawar Nazir/ Getty Images) (credit:Yawar Nazir via Getty Images)
India Pakistan(09 of14)
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Hindu right-wing Shiv Sena activists burn an effigy and pictures of Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, top, and Pakistan\'s Prime Minister\'s Adviser on Foreign Affairs Sartaj Aziz during a protest in New Delhi, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. From left to right, the banners in Hindi read: \"declare Pakistan terrorist state\", \"destroy terrorist camps in Pakistan\", \"no peace talks in response to bullets\". Pakistan and India have a history of tense relations. They have fought two of their three wars over Kashmir since gaining independence in 1947. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Kashmir Attack(10 of14)
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Activists of Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, a state political party, burn a Pakistani flag during a protest against the alleged unprovoked firing by Pakistani troops along the Line of Control (LOC), the line dividing Kashmir between India and Pakistan, in Jammu, India, Tuesday, Aug. 18, 2015. Suspected rebels opened fire at a police post in the Indian-controlled portion of Kashmir on Tuesday, authorities said. (AP Photo/Channi Anand) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
India Kashmir Border Violence(11 of14)
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An Indian border post near fencing on the line of control near Balakot sector in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Monday, Aug.17, 2015. Despite a 2003 cease-fire, the two neighbors regularly trade fire, the latest coming as India celebrated Independence Day on Saturday. Pakistan observed it a day earlier. (AP Photo/Channi Anand) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
India Pakistan(12 of14)
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Indian Border Security Force (BSF) soldiers patrol along the Pargwal area of India-Pakistan international border in Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Sunday, Aug.9, 2015. The neighbors have fought two wars since 1947 over their competing claims to the Himalayan region of Kashmir. (AP Photo/Channi Anand) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
India Kashmir Violence(13 of14)
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An Indian man drives children on a scooter as they migrate to safer places at Kanachack village, about 25 kilometers (16 miles) from Jammu, India, Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2015. Indian and Pakistani border guards traded gunfire and mortar shells along their disputed border in the Himalayan region of Kashmir on Tuesday. (AP Photo/Channi Anand) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
India Kashmir Fighting(14 of14)
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Unidentified relative of civilian Bilal Ahmad wails during a funeral procession at Awantipora, some 32 kilometers (20 miles) from Srinagar, Indian-controlled Kashmir, Wednesday, Aug. 12, 2015. Ahmad was killed when Indian Border Security Force (BSF) personnel allegedly opened fire on people protesting against the killing of two militants in a prolonged gunbattle that took place in Pulwama district in the Indian-ruled portion of Kashmir on Tuesday. (AP Photo/Mukhtar Khan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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