レーニン埋葬論に思う モスクワで「レーニン」捜した日本人芸術家が見たロシア人の複雑な感情

死後90年以上たった今も展示されている革命家ウラジーミル・レーニンの遺体。保存の継続か、埋葬か。揺れるロシア人の思いを、1人の日本人芸術家が語る。
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Kazuhiro Sekine

死後90年以上たった今もモスクワで展示されているソ連の初代指導者ウラジーミル・レーニンの遺体について、保存の継続と埋葬とでロシア人の意見は割れている。

かつてロシア人宅を訪ね回り、レーニンにちなんだ様々なものを集めて展示するという斬新な芸術活動に取り組んだ丹羽良徳さん(34)は当時、レーニンに対するロシア人の複雑な思いを感じ取っていた。

「モスクワのアパートメントでウラジーミル・レーニンを捜す」。そんなプロジェクトに丹羽さんが取り組んだのは2012年のことだ。零下10度を下回るモスクワに滞在しながら、連日地下鉄のホームに立ち、「レーニンを捜しています」とロシア語で書かれた「手配ビラ」を配り続けた。

「頭がおかしいのか」「偉人を馬鹿にするな」「今はそんな時代じゃない」。ロシア人の冷めた目、怒り、失笑。それでも協力してくれた人たちの家を訪ねては、部屋の片隅にしまわれていた「レーニン」を捜した。写真や絵はがき、バッチ、切手、旗、新聞記事、彫像……。集まったものは150点を超え、モスクワで開催された日本現代美術展で展示。集める過程を撮影したビデオも会場で流し、全体で作品とした。

訪れたロシア人らに好評を博し、レーニンの「そっくりさん」として地元では有名なセルゲイさんから「レーニン没後100年に共同制作しよう」と提案されるほどだった。

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レーニンの「そっくりさん」のセルゲイさん(右)と握手する丹羽良徳さん=2012年4月、モスクワ

当時、ソ連が崩壊してすでに20年がたっていた。滞在先のモスクワでは、華やかなネオンとブランド店が目立ち、高級外車が行き交う。社会主義国家の面影は見たらない。「レーニンは本当に人々の記憶から消え失せたのか」。そんな疑問が、作品づくりにつながった。

「ソ連は崩壊に終わったが、ソ連をリアルに経験した世代にとってレーニンはかけがえのない人生の一部」と丹羽さんはみる。レーニン捜しを続ける中、ある人はかつての共産党の党員証を両親の形見として大切に持っていたといい、「私的な記憶とレーニンの存在は不可分だ」と感じたという。

また、丹羽さんは「個人的には、レーニンを物理的に保存・展示するのではなく、埋葬して、20世紀もしくはソ連時代に関するより質的な教育を充実させる方がいいと思う。『知の伝承』によって次世代の指導者を生み出す方が生産的だ」と話す。

一方で、レーニンにまつわる詩をいまだに記憶し、披露してくれた高齢女性のことも忘れられないといい、「彼女たちが元気な間は、レーニンは展示し続けて欲しい」とも話した。

ロシアの世論調査機関「レバダ・センター」によると、調査に対し、レーニンを埋葬することに賛成した人は回答者の6割近くにのぼった。現状のまま廟に残すことに賛成したのは3割だった。だが、レーニンに対する感情については、尊敬や好感など、ポジティブな回答をしたのは5割以上にのぼり、自国の歴史に対して「いい役割を果たした」「どちらかというといい役割を果たした」と答えた人も5割を超えた。

▼画像集が開きます

「ロシア二月革命」から100年
Demonstration of Putilov workers on the first day of the February Revolution.(01 of30)
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Demonstration of Putilov workers on the first day of the February Revolution of 1917. (Photo by Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Universal History Archive via Getty Images)
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION(02 of30)
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March 8th (23 February in the Julian calendar) the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of the two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg), that was the Russian capital, on Women\'s Day in 8 March. In the photo you can see women in a struggle in Petrograd: textile workers in procession headed towards the town hall to ask for the increase in bread rations to the soldiers\' families. The demonstration, not authorized by the unions was made during the commemorations for International Women\'s Day. This event gave way to the most massive protests which later resulted in the revolution. Photograph, Russia, Petrograd, March 8, 1917. (Photo by Fototeca Gilardi/Getty Images) (credit:Fototeca Storica Nazionale. via Getty Images)
February Revolution, 1917(03 of30)
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Petrograd. February Revolution. Photo TASS (Photo by TASS via Getty Images) (credit:TASS via Getty Images)
Revolution Of February 1917: Detachment Of Revolutionary Soldiers(04 of30)
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RUSSIA - FEBRUARY 02: A troop of soldiers rallied to the revolutionary cause on a truck in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in February 1917 (March according to the Gregorian calendar). (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) (credit:Keystone-France via Getty Images)
Armed revolutionary soldiers patrolling the streets of petrograd during the february bourgeois democratic revolution in 1917.(05 of30)
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Armed revolutionary soldiers patrolling the streets of petrograd during the february bourgeois democratic revolution in 1917. (Photo by: Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Sovfoto via Getty Images)
Protests in Moscow, 1917(06 of30)
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Moscow, Russian Empire. Protests in Moscow\'s Voskresenskaya Square on the first day of the February Revolution. TASS (Photo by TASS via Getty Images) (credit:TASS via Getty Images)
The Russian Revolution Of February 1917 : The Russian Population Learns Of The Czar'S Abdication(07 of30)
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RUSSIA - FEBRUARY 02: Little after the revolutionary days of February 1917, groups of civilians gathered in the streets upon the announcement of NICOLAS II\'s abdication. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) (credit:Keystone-France via Getty Images)
February Revolution(08 of30)
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The first day of the February Revolution in Moscow, which led to the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy, March 1917. (Photo by Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images) (credit:Slava Katamidze Collection via Getty Images)
February Revolution(09 of30)
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Crowds on Nevsky Prospekt during the February Revolution in Petrograd, which led to the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy, March 1917. (Photo by Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images) (credit:Slava Katamidze Collection via Getty Images)
Cossack Patrol(10 of30)
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February 1917: Russian Cossack troops on patrol in Petrograd (St Petersburg) during the Russian Revolution, the sole organised force maintaining order during the constitutional transition of the city. They held no political allegiance, having abandoned the Tsarist regime. (Photo by Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images) (credit:Slava Katamidze Collection via Getty Images)
Cost Of Revolution(11 of30)
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1st February 1917: A factionary guards the dead after a day of bloodshed during the Russian Revolution. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) (credit:Hulton Archive via Getty Images)
Russland Februar(März)Rev. 1917: Petrograd(12 of30)
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(GERMANY OUT) Februarrevolution: Zaristische Hoheitszeichen werdenauf der Strasse verbranntPetrograd, Februar/März 1917Achtung: Beginn der Revolution am 23.02 nach altem russischen, am 08.03. nach neuem Kalender- (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) (credit:ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Crowds on Znamenskaya Square, Petrograd, Russia, February Revolution, 1917. Artist: Anon(13 of30)
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Crowds on Znamenskaya Square, Petrograd, Russia, February Revolution, 1917. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of imperial Russia. A provisional government was established which effectively shared power with (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Revolutionary Russia. Distribution of literature in Moscow, 1917(14 of30)
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1917. Moscow. First days of the February Revolution. Distribution of literature in Moscow. Reproduction. Photo TASS (Photo by TASS via Getty Images) (credit:TASS via Getty Images)
February Revolution(15 of30)
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Crowds on Nevsky Prospekt during the February Revolution in Petrograd, which led to the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy, March 1917. (Photo by Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images) (credit:Slava Katamidze Collection via Getty Images)
Revolutionary barricades on Liteyny Prospekt, Petrograd, Russia, 27 February 1917. Artist: Anon(16 of30)
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Revolutionary barricades on Liteyny Prospekt, Petrograd, Russia, 27 February 1917. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of imperial Russia. A provisional government was established which effectively shared pow (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
February revolution in Russia, Street barricade, On the 11th March, 1917 czar Nikolaus II gives the shooting order against the insurgents of the February revolution, Russia, Photograph, In 1917(17 of30)
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UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 1917: February revolution in Russia, Street barricade, On the 11th March, 1917 czar Nikolaus II gives the shooting order against the insurgents of the February revolution, Russia, Photograph, In 1917 (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images) [Februarrevolution in Russland, Strassenbarrikade, Am 11, M?rz 1917 erteilt Zar Nikolaus II, den Schie?befehl gegen die Aufst?ndischen der Februarrevolution, , Russland, Photographie, 1917] (credit:Imagno via Getty Images)
Revolutionary barricades on Liteyny Prospekt, Petrograd, Russia, 27 February 1917. Artist: Anon(18 of30)
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Revolutionary barricades on Liteyny Prospekt, Petrograd, Russia, 27 February 1917. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of imperial Russia. A provisional government was established which effectively shared pow (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Russian Revolution Of February 1917 : Attack On The Winter Palace In Petrograd(19 of30)
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RUSSIA - APRIL 28: On February 27, 1917, soldiers and workers siding with the Bolshevik cause seized the Winter Palace in Petrograd. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) (credit:Keystone-France via Getty Images)
Manifestation of revolutionary troops in front of the State Duma during the February Revolution, 191(20 of30)
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Manifestation of revolutionary troops in front of the State Duma during the February Revolution, 1917. Found in the collection of State History Museum, Moscow. Artist : Steinberg, Yakov Vladimirovich (1882-1942). (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Russian Revolution 1917 : General Korsilov'S Troops Disarmed(21 of30)
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RUSSIA - FEBRUARY 29: In late August 1917, the troops of Russian General Lavr Georguievich KORSILOV were disarmed by the Soviets. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) (credit:Keystone-France via Getty Images)
Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, Tauride Palace, Russia, 1917.(22 of30)
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Petrograd Soviet of Workers\' and Soldiers\' Deputies, Tauride Palace, Russia, 1917. The Petrograd Soviet first met on 27 February 1917 at the beginning of the Rusian Revolution. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images) (credit:Print Collector via Getty Images)
Revolutionary students after the February Revolution, Russia, 1917. Artist: Anon(23 of30)
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Revolutionary students after the February Revolution, Russia, 1917. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of imperial Russia. A provisional government was established which effectively shared power with the Bol (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Russian Revolution Of February 1917 : The Armed Civilian Population In Petrograd(24 of30)
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RUSSIA - FEBRUARY 02: Workers and soldiers who fled the front, along with women, parading in arms in the streets of Petrograd after the first Russian Revolution of February 1917, (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images) (credit:Keystone-France via Getty Images)
Petrograd, funeral of the February victim, Coffins carried to the entrance to the field of Mars where they will be interred, April 5, l 1917, Russian revolution of 1917, Private collection.(25 of30)
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Petrograd, funeral of the February victim, Coffins carried to the entrance to the field of Mars where they will be interred, April 5, l 1917, Russian revolution of 1917, Private collection. (Photo by Photo12/UIG/Getty Images) (credit:Photo 12 via Getty Images)
Funeral procession of petrograd citizens for the victims of february revolution 1917.(26 of30)
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Funeral procession of petrograd citizens for the victims of february revolution 1917. (Photo by: Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Sovfoto via Getty Images)
A mourning ceremony for victims of the February Revolution, Russia, 1917. Artist: Anon(27 of30)
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A mourning ceremony for victims of the February Revolution, Russia, 1917. The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of imperial Russia. A provisional government was established which effectively shared power with t (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Alexander Feodorovich Kerensky, Russian revolutionary politician, 1917.(28 of30)
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Alexander Feodorovich Kerensky, Russian revolutionary politician, as Minister for War, reviewing the troops, 1917. Kerensky (1881-1970) was one of the most prominent leaders of the February Revolution in Russia in 1917, which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. In the Provisional Government established after the revolution, he held the posts of Minister for Justice, then Minister for War, and, from July, Prime Minister. After a failed coup attempt led by General Kornilov in August, he also appointed himself commander-in-chief. The Provisional Government was unstable however, and Kerensky\'s refusal to pull Russia out of the First World War and his distribution of weapons to the Petrograd workers during Kornilov\'s coup brought about its downfall. The October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power and Kerensky was forced to flee into exile. He lived in France until 1940, from where he was forced to flee again, to the USA, when the Germans invaded in World War II. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images) (credit:Print Collector via Getty Images)
Alexander Kerensky, Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government, Russia, 1917. Artist: Anon(29 of30)
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Alexander Kerensky, Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government, in his office in the Winter Palace in Petrograd (St Petersburg), Russia, 1917. Kerensky Kerensky (1881-1970) was one of the most prominent leaders of the February Revolution in Ru (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) (credit:Heritage Images via Getty Images)
Meeting of tver workers during the february revolution in 1917.(30 of30)
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Meeting of tver workers during the february revolution in 1917. (Photo by: Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Sovfoto via Getty Images)

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