御嶽山噴火で見えた火山予知の難しさ 川内原発の再稼働に影響するか

御嶽山が27日に噴火したことで、噴火予知の技術的な能力や態勢面などで困難な要因が山積していることを印象づけた。今冬にも再稼働するとされる九州電力川内原発(鹿児島県薩摩川内市)の近くの住民に心理的な影響を与える可能性もありそうだ。
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Reuters

[東京 29日 ロイター] - 長野、岐阜両県の県境に位置する御嶽山が27日に噴火し、多数の登山者が死亡、心肺停止になったことで、噴火予知の技術的な能力や態勢面などで困難な要因が山積していることを印象づけた。

今冬にも再稼働するとされる九州電力川内原発(鹿児島県薩摩川内市)の近くには、頻繁に噴火する桜島があり、鹿児島県の住民に心理的な影響を与える可能性もありそうだ。

ただ、今回の噴火と、川内原発の審査で検討対象となった巨大噴火リスクとでは、被害規模や発生頻度が大きく違うため、安倍晋三政権は両者を同一視はできないと強調する構えだ。

■再稼動影響ないと政府、反対派は懸念強める

水蒸気爆発による今回の御嶽山の噴火と、蓄積したマグマが大量に噴出し、高温の火砕流の到達距離が100キロを超える「カルデラ噴火」とは、発生頻度や被害の及ぶ範囲などの点で大きく異なる。

気象庁によると、御嶽山は2007年3月にごく小規模な噴火を起こし、今回の噴火はそれ以来。

一方、火山学者によると、巨大なカルデラ噴火は日本列島ではおよそ1万年に1度の頻度で発生してきたという。

日本で最後の巨大なカルデラ噴火は、約7000年前に鹿児島沖で発生した。南九州には、鹿児島湾北部に位置し、南端に桜島がある「姶良(あいら)カルデラ」など複数のカルデラ火山がある。巨大なカルデラ噴火が発生した場合、南九州一帯に及ぶような破局的な被害をもたらすというのが定説だ。

菅義偉官房長官は29日午前の記者会見で、御嶽山の噴火が川内原発の再稼動に影響を与えるかどうかについて「ないと思う」と述べた。菅長官は「今回は水蒸気(爆発)なので、予測は極めて難しいと言われていた」と語り、政府方針である原発再稼動に影響はないとの認識を示した。

一方、地元の原発反対派からは懸念の声が高まる。2012年の鹿児島県知事選に立候補(落選)した向原祥隆氏(出版社経営)は29日、ロイターの取材に対し「水蒸気爆発だから予測できないとか、マグマが噴き出すような噴火であったら予測できたとか、後からの説明に過ぎない」と述べ、政府の見解を批判した。

噴火発生の翌28日には、鹿児島市内で川内原発の再稼働に反対するデモがあり「1万人以上が集まった」(向原氏)という。鹿児島で反原発運動を主導してきた向原氏は「昨日も一昨日も、桜島はかなり噴煙を上げている。集会では、御嶽山の予測ができなかったことを多く人が触れていた」と強調した。

同県では、10月に川内原発が立地する薩摩川内市など5カ所で同原発の審査に関する住民説明会が行われる予定だ。

■巨大噴火、予測困難と火山学者

原子力規制委員会が策定した新規制基準で初の合格となった川内原発の審査では、カルデラ噴火が近い将来、発生し、施設に影響を与えるリスクがあるかどうかが検討された。

その結果、川内原発の半径160キロ圏内にある複数のカルデラが同原発の運用期間中に、破局的噴火を起こす可能性は「十分に小さい」うえに、「監視によって前兆を捉えることができる」との結論に至った。

ただ、川内原発の審査合格が見えてきた段階で、複数の火山学者からは規制委の結論の導き方に対して、異論が聞かれた。火山噴火予知連絡会会長の藤井敏嗣・東大名誉教授は5月下旬、ロイターの取材に対し、川内原発の運用期間中に、破局的噴火が起こるかどうかについて「起こるとも、起こらないとも言えない」と述べた。

東大地震研究所の中田節也教授は、8月25日に規制委が開いた「原子力施設における火山活動のモニタリングに関する検討チーム」の会合で、「巨大噴火の時期や規模を予測することは、現在の火山学では極めて困難」と指摘した。

中田教授はカルデラ噴火の前兆を捉えることができるとする点については否定しない。同教授は5月下旬、ロイターの取材に対し「数カ月前、数週間前なら確実に異常は捉えられると思う。大きな噴火なら、もうすこし長めに(前兆が)起こると思う」と述べる一方で、「それ(前兆)が数年前に起こるとか、数年前に理解できるものではない」とも語った。

原発施設に高温の火砕流が飛んでくるようなカルデラ噴火が発生するならば、核燃料を原子炉から取り出して火砕流が届かない安全な場所に搬出する必要があるが、数カ月間では終わらない作業だ。

規制委の田中俊一委員長は、核燃料を原子炉から取り出して輸送キャスクに入れて外部に搬出できるまでの期間について「通常の輸送は、5年程度は(川内原発など加圧水型では格納容器横の燃料ピットで)冷やしてから」(9月10日の会見)と述べている。

(浜田健太郎 取材協力 斎藤真理 編集:田巻一彦)

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Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(42 of68)
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OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(43 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(44 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(45 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(46 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(47 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(48 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(49 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(50 of68)
Open Image Modal
This picture shows a smoke rising from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 28, 2014. The volcano erupted in central Japan on September 27, shooting ash and rocks into the air that reportedly left eight hikers injured and forced 150 people to shelter in cabins near the summit. The eruption of the 3,067-metre (10,121-foot) Mount Ontake happened around midday, the meteorological agency said. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(51 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(52 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(53 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(54 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(55 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Mt. Ontake spews volcanic ash on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(56 of68)
Open Image Modal
An ambulance passes by reporters covering the eruption at Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Firefighters, police and troops resumed search operations on a volcano in central Japan after four confirmed fatalities with at least 27 other people feared dead. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(57 of68)
Open Image Modal
Rescue teams climb the ridge of a mountain covered with volcanic ash from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Firefighters, police and troops resumed search operations on a volcano in central Japan after four confirmed fatalities with at least 27 other people feared dead. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(58 of68)
Open Image Modal
Rescue teams climb the ridge of a mountain covered with volcanic ash from Mount Ontake in Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Firefighters, police and troops resumed search operations on a volcano in central Japan after four confirmed fatalities with at least 27 other people feared dead. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(59 of68)
Open Image Modal
A vehicle (back) loaded with dead bodies, that were retrieved by helicopter from the summit of the Mount Ontake, leaves a park in Otaki village, Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Firefighters, police and troops resumed search operations on a volcano in central Japan after four confirmed fatalities with at least 27 other people feared dead. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(60 of68)
Open Image Modal
Bereaved parties leave a morgue, where enshrined dead bodies rest, following the volcanic eruption on Mount Ontake in Kiso, Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Japanese rescuers Spetember 29 resumed a grim operation to recover more bodies after 31 people were believed killed in a volcanic eruption, as survivors told of seeing hikers die when tonnes of ash and rocks thundered from the sky. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
JAPAN-VOLCANO(61 of68)
Open Image Modal
A military helicopter leaves a temporary landing site for a resque mission on Mount Ontake in Otaki, Nagano prefecture on September 29, 2014. Japanese rescuers Spetember 29 resumed a grim operation to recover more bodies after 31 people were believed killed in a volcanic eruption, as survivors told of seeing hikers die when tonnes of ash and rocks thundered from the sky. AFP PHOTO / KAZUHIRO NOGI (Photo credit should read KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KAZUHIRO NOGI via Getty Images)
Rescue Work Continues After Mount Ontake Eruption In Japan(62 of68)
Open Image Modal
OTAKI, JAPAN - SEPTEMBER 28: Japan Ground Self-Defence Force\'s personnel tanks are seen as they prepare to search hikers at Mt. Ontake on September 28, 2014 in Otaki, Japan. The eruption of Mt. Ontake injured at least 32 people, and more than 250 hikers are still left stranded near the peak. (Photo by Ken Ishii/Getty Images) (credit:Ken Ishii via Getty Images)
御嶽山/捜索を終えた隊員 (63 of68)
Open Image Modal
御嶽山での救助・捜索作業を終え、撤収する消防隊員ら=1日午後3時56分、長野県王滝村 \n\n撮影日:2014年10月01日 (credit:時事通信社)
御嶽山/捜索活動に向かう隊員 (64 of68)
Open Image Modal
夜明け前に登山道から捜索活動へ向かう捜索隊員=1日午前5時18分、長野県王滝村 \n\n撮影日:2014年10月01日 (credit:時事通信社)
御嶽山/ヘリに乗り込む捜索隊 (65 of68)
Open Image Modal
救助活動を再開し、捜索のため自衛隊のヘリに乗り込む捜索隊=1日午前7時26分、長野県王滝村 \n\n撮影日:2014年10月01日 (credit:時事通信社)
御嶽山/噴火翌日の救助活動 (66 of68)
Open Image Modal
噴火の翌日、御嶽山の8、9合目付近で救助活動する東京消防庁山岳救助隊=28日[東京消防庁提供] \n\n撮影日:2014年09月28日 (credit:時事通信社)
御嶽山/マスクを着け登校する児童 (67 of68)
Open Image Modal
御嶽山噴火後、初めての登校日となった長野県王滝村の王滝小中学校では、児童らがマスクやヘルメットを着用して登校した=30日午前8時3分 \n\n撮影日:2014年09月30日 (credit:時事通信社)
御嶽山/登山口を進む自衛隊車両 (68 of68)
Open Image Modal
噴煙が上がる御嶽山への登山口を進む自衛隊車両=30日午前5時30分、長野県王滝村 \n\n撮影日:2014年09月30日 (credit:時事通信社)