音楽療法とはどんなもの?

私の専門であるホスピス緩和ケア音楽療法はわりと新しい分野ですので、「一体何をするのですか?」と疑問に思われる方が多いのです。今日は、音楽療法に関して皆様からよくあるご質問にお答えします。
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皆様、こんにちは。米国認定音楽療法士の佐藤由美子です。私は10年ほど米国のホスピスで音楽療法士を実践し、昨年日本に帰国しました。

音楽療法士のような聞き慣れない仕事をしていると「音楽療法って何ですか?」と常に質問されます。これは、音楽療法が盛んな米国でもそうです。特に私の専門であるホスピス緩和ケア音楽療法はわりと新しい分野ですので、「一体何をするのですか?」と疑問に思われる方が多いのです。今日は、音楽療法に関して皆様からよくあるご質問にお答えします。

音楽療法とは何ですか?

音楽療法とは、対象者(クライアント)の身体的、感情的、認知的、精神的、社会的なニーズに対応するために、音楽を意図的に使用する療法です。音楽療法は確立された専門職で、トレーニングを積み、資格をもった音楽療法士によって行われます。

音楽療法士になるには?

米国認定音楽療法士(MT- BC)になるには、承認された大学の音楽療法のカリキュラムを終了し、6ヶ月のインターンシップを実行する必要があります。その後、試験を受験する資格が与えられます。音楽療法の資格は、国によって異なります。日本音楽療法学会認定音楽療法士になる方法は、こちらをご覧下さい。

音楽療法士になるには、楽器を弾けないといけませんか?

米国認定音楽療法士になるには、ピアノとギターが弾けないといけません。歌が歌えることも条件の1つです。多くの音楽療法士は、クライアントのニーズ応じて、ピアノやギター以外の楽器も使います。

音楽療法士はどこで働くのですか?

音楽療法士は様々な場所で仕事をします。 例としては、精神病院、リハビリ施設、医療病院、外来診療、デイケア治療センター、発達障害者にサービスを提供する機関、薬物やアルコール依存症治療のプログラム、刑務所、高齢者センター、老人ホーム、ホスピス、学校などです。

音楽療法の歴史とは何ですか?

米国で音楽療法が発展したのは、第一次世界大戦と第二次世界大戦中です。その当時、戦争によって身体的および感情的なトラウマに苦しんでいた軍人のため、音楽家が軍人病院に行って音楽を弾きました。医療の現場で働いていた人々や音楽家は、音楽の力に気づいたと同時に、音楽療法を行うにはトレーニングが必要だと実感しました。それが、大学での音楽療法学科設立のきっかけとなったのです。

誰が音楽療法の対象となりますか?

音楽療法は、どんな人にも役立ちます。たとえ健康な大人でも、音楽療法の恩恵を受けることができます。音楽療法士は、出生前から終末期を含めた、人生すべての段階で人々をサポートします。

音楽療法のセッションというのは、どういったものですか?

音楽療法のセッションの内容は、クライアントによって違ってきます。例えば、自閉症児との音楽療法と、ホスピスの患者さんとの音楽療法では、全く違った内容になります。ただし、目指す原理は同じです。音楽療法士は、クライアントのニーズに基づいて、意図的に音楽を使用します。

音楽療法は、ホスピスや緩和ケアにおいてどのように使用されていますか?

ホスピス緩和ケアで働く音楽療法士は、音楽を使って患者さんの不安やストレスの軽減、痛みの緩和、ライフレビュー(回想法)、そして精神的なサポートをします。また、患者さんとご家族の方々が有意義な時間を過ごすお手伝いもします。

ホスピスや緩和ケアにおいて、具体的にどのように音楽療法が利用されるのか興味があるかたは、佐藤由美子 音楽療法 ホームページをご覧下さい。患者さんとのエピソードを通じて、皆様に音楽療法の素晴らしさを伝えることができればと思っております。

(「音楽療法 Q&A」より転載)

11 Health Benefits Of Music
Eases Anxiety In Cancer Patients (01 of11)
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Researchers from Drexel University found that cancer patients who either listened to music or worked with a music therapist experienced a reduction in anxiety.\r\n\r\nThe review by the Cochrane Collaboration included 1,891 people with cancer, and found that people who participated in music somehow not only had decreased anxiety, but also better blood pressure levels and improved moods, HealthDay reported. (credit:alamy)
Reduces Stress (02 of11)
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If you listen to your iPod every day on your way to work or break out the guitar every evening, then you\'ll like this finding. \r\n\r\nA doctoral thesis from the University of Gothenburg reveals that listening to music every day lowers stress. The thesis was based on the results of two studies, which showed that people who listened to music also felt positive emotions.\r\n\r\n\"But it should be pointed out that when studying emotional responses to music it is important to remember that all people do not respond in the exact same way to a piece of music and that one individual can respond differently to the same piece of music at different times, depending on both individual and situational factors,\" thesis author Marie Helsing said in a statement. \"To get the positive effects of music, you have to listen to music that you like.\" \r\n (credit:alamy)
Helps During Surgery (03 of11)
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Listening to music while lying on the operating table could help to lower stress, TIME reported.\r\n\r\nThe research, conducted by Cleveland Clinic researchers, included patients -- mostly with Parkinson\'s disease -- as they were undergoing brain surgery. The researchers found that the study participants who listened to pure melodies -- versus just rhythmic arrangements, or a mix of the two -- were comforted the most. Their brains also reflected this calming, TIME reported, with some of the study participants even falling asleep. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Protects Your Ears' Sound-Processing Abilities(04 of11)
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A 2011 study in the journal Psychology and Aging shows that being a lifelong musician is linked with better sound processing, the Washington Post reported.\r\n\r\nThe study included 163 people (74 of whom had played music all their lives). The researchers also found a link between hearing test scores and the amount of time the study participants practiced their music, according to the Washington Post. (credit:alamy)
Boosts Heart Health (05 of11)
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Odd as it may seem, University of Maryland Medical Center researchers have found a link between listening to music and heart health.\r\n\r\nThe researchers found that listening to joyful music is linked with dilation of blood vessels\' inner lining, meaning more flow of blood through the blood vessels. Specifically, the diameter of blood vessels grew by 26 percent when a person listened to happy music. However, the opposite effect was noted when a person listened to anxiety-triggering music -- blood vessel diameter decreased by 6 percent as a result. \r\n\r\nThe research was presented in 2008 at a meeting of the American Heart Association. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Soothes Pain (06 of11)
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Researchers from University of Utah Pain Research Center showed that listening to music is effective as a distraction for anxiety-prone people from feeling pain, and as a result, could help people feel less pain.\r\n\r\nThe study, which included 143 people, was published in the Journal of Pain. The researchers found that music helped the study participants to have less arousal when shocked with non-dangerous fingertip electrodes. (credit:alamy)
Helps Memory (07 of11)
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Kids who take music lessons could be doing their brains a favor, according to Hong Kong researchers.\r\n\r\nWebMD reported that taking music lessons is linked with doing better on tests where you have to recall words you read on a list. \r\n\r\nAnd \"the more music training during childhood, the better the verbal memory,\" study researcher Agnes S. Chan, PhD, a psychologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, told WebMD. \"This strongly implies that the better verbal memory in children with music training is not simply a matter of differences in age, education level, or their family\'s socioeconomic characteristics.\"\r\n (credit:alamy)
Protects The Aging Brain (08 of11)
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Having musical training could protect your mental sharpness in old age, according to a 2011 study in the journal Neuropsychology. \r\n\r\nHealthDay reported on the study of 70 people ages 60 to 83, with varying levels of music experience. The researchers from the University of Kansas Medical Center found that the people who had the most musical training in their lives had the best mental sharpness, and scored the highest on brain functioning tests. (credit:alamy)
Prevents Heart Transplant Rejection (In Mice) (09 of11)
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It may so far only be shown in mice, but it\'s still pretty amazing: Japanese researchers found that exposing mice to certain kinds of music was linked with \"prolonged survival\" after a heart transplant, Miller-McCune reported.\r\n\r\nThe mice in the study were exposed to either Mozart, Verdi (opera music), New Age-type music, no music at all, or a sound frequency. Mice who listened to Mozart and Verdi had a longer survival time after the heart transplant, compared to the other mice, according to Miller-McCune. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Improves Stroke Recovery (10 of11)
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Finnish researchers found that listening to music soon after a stroke could help with recovery, News Medical reported. \r\n\r\nPublished in 2008 in the journal Brain, researchers found that listening to music was linked with improved verbal memory and attention among stroke patients, compared with listening to audio books or not listening to anything at all. \r\n (credit:alamy)
Works As Well As A Massage At Lowering Anxiety(11 of11)
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Massages are super-relaxing, sure -- but a study in the journal Depression and Anxiety shows that music could also do the trick, at least when it comes to decreasing anxiety.\r\n\r\nResearchers from the Group Health Research Institute found that patients who got 10 hour-long massages had the same decreased anxiety symptoms three months later as people who simply listened to music (and went sans-massage), HealthDay reported. \r\n\r\nThe study included 68 people who received the 10 massages with music, laid down while listening to music (but didn\'t get a massage), or were wrapped with warm pads and towels while listening to music (but didn\'t get a massage), according to HealthDay. (credit:alamy)