北朝鮮、打ち上げたのはミサイルかロケットか? その違いとは...

北朝鮮が2月7日、何を上空に打ち上げたのかをめぐって北朝鮮と他国で見方が食い違っている。
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People watch a TV news reporting a rocket launch in North Korea, at Seoul Railway Station in Seoul, Sunday, Feb. 7, 2016. For North Korea's propaganda machine, the long-range rocket launch Sunday carved a glorious trail of
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北朝鮮が2月7日、何を上空に打ち上げたのかをめぐって北朝鮮と他国で見方が食い違っている。

北朝鮮の国営放送は「ロケットで人工衛星を打ち上げた」と主張したが、日本政府は「北朝鮮が『人工衛星』と称する弾道ミサイルを発射した」と非難。NHKも「事実上の長距離弾道ミサイルを発射した」と報じている

CNNによるとアメリカ戦略軍の広報官は「少なくとも2つの物体が地球を周回する軌道に入った」と話しており、軍事専門家は「人工衛星と、ロケットの最後に切り離された部分のように見える」と分析している。

北朝鮮が打ち上げたのは弾道ミサイルなのか、それとも人工衛星打上げロケットなのか。それぞれの違いをまとめてみた。

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事実上の長距離弾道ミサイルの打ち上げに立ち会う北朝鮮の金正恩第1書記[2月7日の朝鮮中央テレビから]

■弾道ミサイルとは?

知恵蔵2015によると、弾道ミサイルとは「砲弾のように弾道を描いて飛ぶミサイル」のこと。ミサイルには短い距離を直線を描いて飛ぶものもあるが、弾道ミサイルは高い角度で打ち上げられ、ロケット燃料などで上昇して、後は慣性に従って飛行し落下着弾する。航跡が高く打ち上げた砲弾のように放物線を描くことから「弾道ミサイル」と呼ぶ。

射程は数百キロのものもあれば、「大陸間弾道ミサイル」のように数千キロから1万キロに達するものもある。この場合、弾道の最高点は高度約1000キロと、大気圏外に達する。大気圏に再突入する際の速度は毎秒数キロの猛スピードとなるため、迎撃は非常に困難だ。破壊力の大きな核弾頭や生物・化学兵器などが搭載されることが多い。

史上初の弾道ミサイルは、ナチス・ドイツが第二次大戦末期の1944年にロンドンを攻撃した報復兵器「V2ロケット」だ。この技術をもとに戦後はアメリカとソ連が競って開発を進め、北アメリカ大陸とユーラシア大陸の間を海を越えて攻撃できる大陸間弾道ミサイルが多数配備された。

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1946年にアメリカに移送されてニューメキシコ州で打ち上げられるV2ロケット

■人工衛星ロケットと弾道ミサイルの先祖は同じ

実は本格的なロケットの元祖もナチス・ドイツの「V2ロケット」。人工衛星打ち上げ用ロケットと弾道ミサイルは先祖が同じなのだ。

谷合稔「ロケットの科学」(ソフトバンククリエイティブ)によると、アメリカは第二次大戦後、ナチス親衛隊少佐のフォン・ブラウンを自国に招いて、弾道ミサイルとロケット開発を本格化させた。1950年には同国初の弾道ミサイル「レッドストーン」の打ち上げに成功。これを改良したロケットで1958年、同国初の人工衛星「エクスプローラー1号」を打ち上げている。

一方、ソビエト連邦も戦後、ナチス・ドイツから技術者を招いてV2ロケットの改良に着手した。1957年に弾道ミサイル「R-7ロケット」で6000キロの長距離飛行に成功し、同年には改良型で世界初の人工衛星「スプートニク1号」を打ち上げた。

このように弾道ミサイルの開発と、人工衛星打ち上げ用ロケットの開発は各国で同時並行して行われていたのだ。

■「搭載する物が何か?」が最大の違い

2009年度版の防衛白書も「弾道ミサイルと人工衛星打上げロケットに必要な技術は共通しているものが多い」とした上で、ロケットと弾道ミサイル積載する物が人工衛星なのか、弾頭を格納するかに違いがあるだけで、構造上はほぼ共通していることを指摘した。

弾道ミサイルと人工衛星打上げロケットは、基本的に1)エンジン部構造(推進剤タンクを含む)、2)段間部構造(切り離しを行う部分)、3)搭載機器(誘導機器、電波機器、姿勢制御用電子機器等を収納)、4)ペイロード部から構成されており、ペイロード部に人工衛星を格納するか、弾頭を格納するかに違いがあるが、構造上ほぼ共通している。

このことから、推進部の大型化とその分離、姿勢制御、推進制御等など必要となる技術は共通しており、人工衛星の打上げであっても、弾道ミサイルの性能向上のためにこれら種々の技術的課題の検証が可能となる。

(解説)弾道ミサイルと人工衛星打上げロケットについて

また同白書によると弾道ミサイルは放物線を描いて飛行し、目標地点に弾頭を誘導するの対し、衛星打上げロケットは、一定の高度にまで到達させた後、平坦な軌跡をとって人工衛星を地球周回軌道に投入するという飛行形態の違いがあるという。

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2009年度版の防衛白書より

■では北朝鮮の場合は?

北朝鮮の場合は、地球の周囲を回る物を打ち上げたのだから、北朝鮮の主張するように「人工衛星打ち上げロケットでは?」という意見もネット上では出ているが、そう単純には割り切れない。技術がほぼ同じため、北朝鮮が「平和目的の人工衛星打ち上げ」と主張するのは国際社会の目を盗むための偽装工作で、実際には大陸間弾道ミサイルを開発している可能性があるからだ。

2月6日付のニューヨークタイムズは「欧米の専門家は今回のロケットは、大陸間弾道ミサイル技術を開発するためのプログラムの一環と信じている」とした上で次のように報じた。

北朝鮮は(今回打ち上げた)銀河ロケットの弾道ミサイル版をテストしたことがない。北朝鮮の核実験後、欧米のアナリストは、まだ国が長距離ミサイルに搭載できるコンパクトな核弾頭を構築するための技術を習得したかどうか確認できていない。北朝鮮が大気圏に再突入する際の高熱に耐える弾頭や、誘導システムを構築できているかも議論の余地がある。

しかし、今回打ち上げた「銀河3号」を、人工衛星の代わりに1トンの弾頭を運ぶために変更した場合、アラスカ、おそらくハワイに到達するのに十分な射程範囲を持っていると、安全保障の専門家であるデビッド・ライトはブログに書いている。

North Korea Launches Rocket Seen as Cover for a Missile Test - The New York Times 2016/02/06)

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