テロの時代と戦う

オランド大統領は、「これは戦争行為だ」と断定した。
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テロリストの凶弾が再びパリを襲った。11月13日の金曜日にパリで発生した同時多発テロで、約130人が殺害された。今年1月7日の風刺週刊新聞シャルリ・エブドの編集部が襲撃された事件を上回る、凶悪なテロ事件である。コンサートホール、レストラン、カフェで多くの市民が狂信主義の犠牲となった。パリの夜の街に、カラシニコフ自動小銃の銃声が響き渡る。オランド大統領は、「これは戦争行為だ」と断定した。

*シリア空爆への報復か?

テロ組織イスラム国(IS)は、今回のテロ事件を実行したとする声明をネット上に公表した。今回のテロは、フランスがシリアでISの拠点を空爆したことに対する、報復である可能性が強い。

深く傷ついたフランスは、どう反応するだろうか。9・11後の米国同様に、軍事力によってテロ組織に対抗しようとするだろうか。

今回の事件が、欧州の難民危機の最中に起きたことの意味は、極めて大きい。今年はドイツを中心に西欧に100万人から150万人、今後3年間で300万人の難民がシリアやアフガニスタンから流入する。彼らの大半は、ノーチェックのまま西欧社会に入っていく。ドイツでは、政府が登録すらしていない難民の数が20万人に達する。大半の難民は、善良な市民だろう。しかしISが難民の中に戦闘員を紛れ込ませる可能性を完全には否定できない。

ドイツでは政府に対し難民数の制限を求める声が強まっているが、パリの事件をきっかけに、メルケル首相への圧力はさらに高まるだろう。国境検査を廃止した「シェンゲン協定」は、風前の灯火だ。

*日本人にも無関係ではない

さて残念ながら我々日本人にとっても、対岸の火事ではない。3月20日にはイスラム過激派のテロリストがチュニジアの博物館を襲撃し、日本人3人を含む観光客ら25人が殺害された。

先日、日本のメディア関係者がチュニスでのテロとの関連で自宅に電話してきて、「欧州や中東で日本人が身を守るには、どのような点に注意すればよいでしょうか」と質問してきた。パリで今年1月に起きたシャルリ・エブド紙襲撃事件以降、欧州ではユダヤ人礼拝所などの警備体制が強化されている。フランスでは警察官ではなく、自動小銃を持ち、迷彩服に身を固めた兵士が駅や空港などでパトロールしている。

だがテロリストが市民を無差別に殺傷することを計画した場合、捜査当局がこれを完全に防ぐことは難しい。ロンドンや北京には至る所に監視カメラがあるが、それでも公共交通機関などを狙った爆弾テロを未然に防ぐことは、困難だ。警察があらゆる場所を24時間警戒することは不可能だからだ。

ISのテロリストたちがネット上に発表するビデオ映像を見ればわかるように、彼らは狂信主義者であり、異教徒との「聖戦」のためには命を捨てることもいとわない。私は、今後欧州や中東では地下鉄などの公共交通機関や原子力発電所などを狙ったテロ事件が増えるという危惧を抱いている。フランスの原発の上空で、数回にわたり無人機(ドローン)が目撃されたが、誰が無人機を操っていたのかは今も不明だ。

そうした時代に、我々はどう行動したらよいのだろうか。外出や旅行をやめて、家に閉じこもるべきだろうか。私がこの問題を考える時にいつも思い出すのが、イスラエルで見た市民の振る舞いである。

*自爆テロとイスラエル

私は2003年から4回にわたり、イスラエルを訪れた。滞在日数は、合計30日を超える。イスラエルは、米国と並んで最もイスラム過激派に狙われている国だ。当時イスラエルでは、ユダヤ人を狙ったテロが相次いでいた。2003年9月には、エルサレムの喫茶店ヒレルで、イスラム過激派のテロリストが身体に装着した起爆装置に点火。7人が死亡し、約50人が重軽傷を負った。

テロリストは、週末に自宅に帰る兵士たちが乗ったバスをしばしば標的にした。ある朝私がテルアビブで開いた新聞には、自爆テロで破壊されたバスの写真が、1ページ全面を使って掲載されていた。残骸から犠牲者たちの遺体がぶら下がっている。編集者たちの怒りが紙面から伝わってきた。

私が驚いたのは、自爆テロが頻発していた時にも、テルアビブの海岸のレストランや喫茶店が満員だったことだ。人々はいつものように地中海の日差しを浴びながら、食事をしていた。入り口にはピストルを腰に付けた警備員がおり、客はハンドバッグなどを開けて中身を見せなくてはならない。大半のレストランの入り口には武装した警備員がいた。

市場やショッピングセンターもテロリストの標的だったが、私の知り合いはいつもどおり市場に買い物に行き、バスに乗っていた。

魚料理で有名なテルアビブのレストランでは、自爆テロによって多数の客が殺害された。だがレストランの所有者は、わずか1週間で店を再開。すると市民たちはこぞってこの店を訪れた。レストランの所有者を支援するためである。

つまりイスラエル市民にとっては、「普段どおりの生活」を続けることが、テロに対抗する手段だった。彼らは「テロを怖がって、外食をやめたり市場へ行くのをやめたりしたら、テロリストの思う壺だ」と考えているのだ。

ちなみにイスラエルがパレスチナ人の居住地域との間に壁を築いてからは、自爆テロの件数が激減した。そのかわり、パレスチナの過激組織はロケット弾でイスラエルを攻撃し始めた。イスラエルの報復は徹底的だ。イスラエル軍は2008年と2014年にパレスチナ人が住むガザ自治区を攻撃し、約2000人を殺害。その中には数100人の子どもなど、多くの非戦闘員が含まれていた。イスラエル側の死者数を大幅に上回る。残念なことに、両者の憎悪と暴力の連鎖には、出口が見えない。

*100%の安全はない

テロが頻発する時代に、100%の安全はない。リスクを軽減する対策を取っても、危険はゼロにはならない。一例を挙げよう。イスラエルは、世界で最もテロ対策が進んだ国だ。イスラエルでは、町の至る所に監視カメラが取り付けられている。

国内の治安を担当する諜報機関「シン・ベト」は、テルアビブの郊外に対テロ情報センターを持っている。この機関は監視カメラの映像、携帯電話の通話、メールのやりとり、銀行口座の資金の動きなどを総合して、テロ容疑者の動きを24時間監視している。その結果、イスラエル政府は自爆テロの70%を未然に防いでいた。逆に言えばイスラエルほど徹底的なテロ対策を取っている国でも、テロ計画の30%は防ぎ切れないのだ。

私は、欧州や中東、アフリカに旅行する際には、過去5年間の政治や経済の動きを十分にリサーチすることをお勧めしたい。いわゆるアラブの春によって、政権が交代した国では、政情が不安定になっている可能性があるからだ。日本のメディアは、アラブの春による革命については報道しても、その後の状況についてはフォローしない。

BBCなど欧米のメディアは、革命後のリビアなどの国々にアルカイダやISなどの過激組織が、拠点を作り始めていることを報じていた。たとえばチュニジアでは、2013年にはテロによる死者が22人、2014年には45人、今年の1月と2月には23人に達していた。英国政府は昨年以来、自国民に対し「チュニジアではテロの危険が高いので、絶対に必要な旅行以外は避けるべきだ」と警告していた。さらに、約3000人のチュニジア人がISに加わっていることも欧州では報道されており、革命後も一部の市民が現政権への不満を強めていることも伝えられていた。

日本のメディアは大事件が起こらないかぎり、欧州や中東情勢について詳しく報じない。ドイツやフランスの新聞では、国際ニュースが新聞の1面トップになるのは日常茶飯事だ。欧州では、国際ニュースの比重が日本のメディアよりも高いのだ。

私は、テロリズムに対抗するには、テロに怯えずに、普通の生活を続けることが重要だと考えている。必要以上に不安を抱くべきではない。さもないと市民を恐怖で委縮させようとするテロリストの思う壺である。

ただし危険を避けるために、外国の情報を注意深く収集し、分析することも極めて重要である。国際ニュースへの感度を高めることが、テロとの戦いの第一歩だと思う。

(ミュンヘン在住 熊谷 徹)筆者ホームページ: http://www.tkumagai.de

パリ同時多発テロ
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FRANCE-ATTACKS-PARIS(34 of61)
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Forensic police search for evidences inside the La Belle Equipe cafe, rue de Charonne, at the site of an attack on November 14, 2015 in Paris, after a series of gun attacks occurred across the city. More than 100 people were killed in a mass hostage-taking at a Paris concert hall and many more were feared dead in a series of bombings and shootings, as France declared a national state of emergency. AFP PHOTO / JACQUES DEMARTHON (Photo credit should read JACQUES DEMARTHON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JACQUES DEMARTHON via Getty Images)
Scores dead in Paris attacks(35 of61)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 14: Medics carry the woundeds to the ambulances near Le Petit Cambodge restaurant in the 11th district after a drive-by shooting killing 11 people, November 14, 2015, Paris, France. At least 142 people were killed deadly shootings and explosions took place in several neighbourhoods of Paris. (Photo by Mustafa Yalcin/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Scores dead in Paris attacks(36 of61)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 14: French officials and medics work near Le Petit Cambodge restaurant in the 11th district after a drive-by shooting killing 11 people, November 14, 2015, Paris, France. At least 142 people were killed deadly shootings and explosions took place in several neighbourhoods of Paris. 1,500 troops deployed in French capital says Elysse. (Photo by Mustafa Yalcin/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Scores dead in Paris attacks(37 of61)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 14: French officials and medics work near Le Petit Cambodge restaurant in the 11th district after a drive-by shooting killing 11 people, November 14, 2015, Paris, France. At least 142 people were killed deadly shootings and explosions took place in several neighbourhoods of Paris. 1,500 troops deployed in French capital says Elysse. (Photo by Mustafa Yalcin/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Scores dead in Paris attacks(38 of61)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 13: French officials work outside the Stade de France, where France was hosting Germany in an international football friendly, after deadly shootings and explosions took place in several neighbourhoods of Paris, on November 13, 2015. Reports indicate that more than 140 people overall have been killed in at least two suicide bombings, another explosion and a drive-by shooting, which targeted seven different locations. (Photo by Geoffroy Van der Hasselt/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Scores dead in Paris attacks(39 of61)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 14: French officials and medics work near Le Petit Cambodge restaurant in the 11th district after a drive-by shooting killing 11 people, November 14, 2015, Paris, France. At least 142 people were killed deadly shootings and explosions took place in several neighbourhoods of Paris. (Photo by Mustafa Yalcin/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
France Paris Shooting(40 of61)
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Police officer secure the area near the Stade de France stadium after an explosion and after international friendly soccer match France against Germany, in Saint Denis, outside Paris, early Saturday Nov. 14, 2015. Multiple fatal attacks throughout the city have prompted President Francois Hollande to announce he was closing the country\'s borders and declaring a state of emergency. (AP Photo/Michel Spingler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Paris Shootings(41 of61)
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A person is being evacuated after a shooting, outside the Bataclan theater in Paris, Saturday Nov. 14, 2015. A series of attacks targeting young concert-goers, soccer fans and Parisians enjoying a Friday night out at popular nightspots killed over 100 people in the deadliest violence to strike France since World War II. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Paris Shootings(42 of61)
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French soldiers and a police officer stand on a street next to Rue de Charonne, in Paris, Saturday, Nov. 14, 2015. The sidewalk terrace of a cafe on Rue de Charonne was showered in gunfire, killing people, according to the Paris prosecutor. A series of attacks targeting young concert-goers, soccer fans and Parisians enjoying a Friday night out at popular nightspots killed over 100 people in the deadliest violence to strike France since World War II. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany France Attacks(43 of61)
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Police patrol in front of the French embassy in Berlin with the European and French flag on half-staff Saturday morning, Nov. 14, 2015 after more than 120 people have been killed in terror attacks in Paris. (Lukas Schulze/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Paris Shooting NYC Police(44 of61)
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Heavily armed New York City police officers stand guard across the street from the French consulate on New York\'s Fifth Ave., Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Police in New York say they\'ve deployed extra units to crowded areas of the city \"out of an abundance of caution\" in the wake of the attacks in Paris, France. A New York Police Department statement released Friday stressed police have \"no indication that the attack has any nexus to New York City.\"(AP Photo/Mary Altaffer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Paris Shooting NYC Police(45 of61)
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Heavily armed New York City police officers with Operation Hercules stand guard across the street from the French consulate on New York\'s Fifth Ave., Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Police in New York say they\'ve deployed extra units to crowded areas of the city \"out of an abundance of caution\" in the wake of the attacks in Paris, France. A New York Police Department statement released Friday stressed police have \"no indication that the attack has any nexus to New York City.\"(AP Photo/Mary Altaffer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Paris Shootings(46 of61)
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A Victim of a shooting attack is treated on the pavement outside La Belle Equipe restaurant in Paris Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Well over 100 people were killed in Paris on Friday night in a series of shooting, explosions. (Anne Sophie Chaisemartin via AP) MANDATORY CREDIT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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RETRANSMISSION FOR ALTERNATIVE CROP - Victims lay on the pavement outside a Paris restaurant, Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Police officials in France on Friday report multiple terror incidents, leaving many dead. It was unclear at this stage if the events are linked. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Police and rescuers are seen outside a cafe-brasserie in10th arrondissement of the French capital Paris, on November 13, 2015. At least 18 people were killed in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. Police said at least 15 people had been killed at the Bataclan concert hall in central Paris, only around 200 metres from the former offices of Charlie Hebdo which were attacked by jihadists in January. AFP PHOTO / KENZO TRIBOUILLARD (Photo credit should read KENZO TRIBOUILLARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KENZO TRIBOUILLARD via Getty Images)
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Rescue workers gather at victims in the 10th district of Paris, Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Several dozen people were killed in a series of unprecedented attacks around Paris on Friday, French President Francois Hollande said, announcing that he was closing the country\'s borders and declaring a state of emergency. (AP Photo/Jacques Brinon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Forensic experts inspect the site of an attack outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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Forensic experts inspect the site of an attack outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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People leave the Stade de France stadium after the international friendly soccer France against Germany, Friday, Nov. 13, 2015 in Saint Denis, outside Paris. Two police officials say at least 11 people have been killed in shootouts and other violence around Paris. Police have reported shootouts in at least two restaurants in Paris. At least two explosions have been heard near the Stade de France stadium, and French media is reporting of a hostage-taking in the capital. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Riot police officers run outside a fast food chain restaurant outside the Stade de France stadium, following the friendly football match between France and Germany in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. Dozens were killed in a series of simultaneous gun attacks across Paris on November 13, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. .AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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The scene following an attack in 10th arrondissement of the French capital Paris, on November 13, 2015. At least 18 people were killed in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. Police said at least 15 people had been killed at the Bataclan concert hall in central Paris, only around 200 metres from the former offices of Charlie Hebdo which were attacked by jihadists in January. AFP PHOTO / KENZO TRIBOUILLARD (Photo credit should read KENZO TRIBOUILLARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KENZO TRIBOUILLARD via Getty Images)
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Police are seen outside a restaurant in 10th arrondissement of the French capital Paris, on November 13, 2015. At least 18 people were killed as multiple shootings and explosions hit Paris, police said. Police also said there was an ongoing hostage crisis in the Bataclan a concert hall in the French capital. AFP PHOTO / KENZO TRIBOUILLARD (Photo credit should read KENZO TRIBOUILLARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KENZO TRIBOUILLARD via Getty Images)
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PARIS, FRANCE - NOVEMBER 13: Spectators exit the stands of the during the International Friendly game between France and Germany at Stade de France on November 13, 2015 in Paris, France. The game was halted following an explosion in the stadium and attacks across Paris claiming the lives of numerous people. (Photo by Xavier Laine/Getty Images) (credit:Xavier Laine via Getty Images)
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Forensic experts inspect the site of an attack, a restaurant outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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Forensic experts inspect the site of an attack, a restaurant outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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Police inspect the site of an attack outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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Forensic experts inspect the site of an attack, a restaurant outside the Stade de France stadium in Saint-Denis, north of Paris, early on November 14, 2015, after a series of gun attacks occurred across Paris as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. A number of people were killed and others injured in a series of gun attacks across Paris, as well as explosions outside the national stadium where France was hosting Germany. AFP PHOTO / FRANCK FIFE (Photo credit should read FRANCK FIFE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRANCK FIFE via Getty Images)
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RETRANSMISSION FOR ALTERNATIVE CROP - Rescue workers at the scene as victims lay on the pavement outside a Paris restaurant, Friday, Nov. 13, 2015. Police officials in France on Friday report multiple terror incidents, leaving many dead. It was unclear at this stage if the events are linked. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)