これも文化遺産!ナイジェリアの呪術「イファ占い」とは?

アフリカにも呪術信仰は根強く残っており、中でも呪術の盛んなナイジェリアには「イファ占い」という制度が存在します。
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民族文化財や口承伝統など目には見えないけれど、価値のある慣習は世界に多く存在します。これらを後世に残す目的で「無形文化遺産」 の登録制度が始まりました。そこで、世界のユニークな無形文化遺産を食文化・舞踊・フォークロア・口承伝統などカテゴリーを問わず、ひとつずつ紹介したいと思います。今回は「Ifa divination system(ナイジェリアのイファ占い制度)」です。

病気や天災など自らの能力では解決できない問題が発生したとき、人々は古くから呪術者に助けを求めてきました。現代にも残る易経やタロットなどは、その一例と言えるかもしれません。アフリカにも呪術信仰は根強く残っており、中でも呪術の盛んなナイジェリアには「イファ占い」という制度が存在します。

イファ占い

ナイジェリアに暮らすヨルバ族の風習で、文字と数術に基づくものです。イファとは知恵と知的成長のシンボルとしてヨルバ族が崇めている神のこと。イファ占いはアメリカやカリブに暮らすアフリカ系の人々の間でも行われている風習なのだそうです。

イファ占いは巫師・祈祷師といった人を媒介するもの(シャーマニズム)ではありません。イファ僧またはババラオと呼ばれる僧侶のトップが、神のお告げが記されている託宣集を解読しながら占うものです。部のなかで重要なポストを担う個人や集団が重要な事柄を決定する場合に行われます。

占いの方法

託宣集はオドゥと呼ばれており、256章から構成されています。各章はエセという節から成り立っており、その数なんど800章! 節はなんと今でも増え続けているのだそうです。エセはヨルバ族の歴史、言葉、信仰、宇宙観、各時代の社会問題などを反映しています。それにしても、 エセの節を誰が書き足しているのか気になりますね。占いはババラオがヤシの実とくさりを用いて行い、予言の記されている256章の中から的確なものを読み上げます。

衰退の傾向にあるイファ占い

イスラム教の伝来や植民地時代におけるキリスト教の影響などもあり、土着の信仰は衰退傾向にあるのだそうです。また、大半のイファ僧が高齢に達しており、複雑な知識を伝えて未来の僧を指導する手段をほとんど持ち合わせていません。若者やヨルバ族の人たちのイファ占いを含む呪術全般への興味が薄れてきていることも衰退の道をたどっている原因のひとつなのだとか。

文明の進んだ時代に生きる私たちも、占いにすがりたくなるときもありますよね。イファ占いの信頼度はともかく、神秘的なババラオに一度占ってもらいたいものです。

[All photo by UNESCO]

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