公開処刑で斬首、投石...1日で47人が死刑執行されたサウジアラビアの人権状況は

国際的な非難にもかかわらず、サウジはその声に向き合おうとはしていない。
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An Iraqi man holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq's top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia's execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images)
AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images

サウジアラビアは1月2日、イスラム教シーア派の指導者を含む47人を処刑した。シーア派の抗議行動はサウジ国内からバーレーン、カシミールまで世界中に広がった。サウジは4日、イランと国交を断絶した

イラン、レバノン、イラクなどのシーア派指導者は、サウジでの反政府活動を支援し、2012年に逮捕されたシーア派聖職者ニムル師の処刑は、サウジ王政の凋落につながると激しく非難してきた。サウジの大量処刑はヨーロッパからも批判されており、ニムル師の死で、中東の宗派間の対立が激化するとの指摘もある。

サウジ内務省は、死刑囚はテロリストだったと主張する。ニムル師以外は、少なくとも3人のシーア派の政治犯と、アルカイダの戦闘員との容疑をかけられている人々だ。シーア派はサウジアラビアの人口の約10%を占める。

サウジアラビアの人権を巡る国内、国際状況についてまとめた。

■「魔術を使った」として斬首刑

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2014年6月24日、インドネシアのジョグジャカルタで、サウジアラビアで執行されたインドネシア人家政婦の処刑に抗議する人々

サウジでは、死刑は通常、刀での斬首で、公開処刑として執行されるほか、公衆による投石などもある。

サウジの死刑はこれまでもたびたび、大きな国際問題になってきた。2015年1月には、継娘を暴行して殺害したとして捕らえられたミャンマー人女性が、無実を訴えながら路上で首を切られた。2011年6月にインドネシア人の家政婦が雇い主を殺害したとして斬首されたときは、インドネシアのユドヨノ大統領が演説でサウジを激しく非難し、サウジへの出稼ぎを禁止した。

死刑が適用される容疑も殺人、強姦のほか、背教など多岐にわたっており、2011年12月には「魔術を用いた」女性の斬首刑が執行された

「サウジの大量処刑は、人権問題での不名誉な名声をさらに高めるだけだ」。国際人権監視団体ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの中東ディレクター、サラ・リー・ホイットソン氏はロイター通信に語った。2015年にサウジは158人を処刑している。これは1995年以降で最も多い数字だ。

■国連人権理事会では大きな影響力

一方で、サウジはアメリカやイギリスを含む世界主要国の支持を背景に、国連人権理事会で大きな影響力を持っている。

理事会の47カ国は世界を5地域に分けた上で、国連総会での秘密投票で選ばれる。任期は3年。サウジアラビアは2013年11月にアジア代表の1カ国として選出された。人権団体がサウジの選出を批判したが、中東諸国や、ウィキリークスによるとイギリスが支持したという。

さらにサウジアラビアは2015年夏、5カ国で構成する諮問委員会の一員となり、理事会を代表して人権状況を監視する専門家の選出などに関わることになった

サウジを支持する国はその態度を変えていない。アメリカ国務省報道官は、国連の専門家会合へのサウジの関与を「歓迎する」と述べた。アメリカのサマンサ・パワー国連大使は、サウジの地位は「手続き上のもの」として、国連の人権問題への姿勢に大きな影響を与えないだろうとの見通しを示した

しかし、サウジはすでに人権理事会で影響力を持ち始めている。2015年9月末、サウジは、イエメン内戦での人権侵害について、国際的に調査するというオランダの国連理事会決議案を断念させた。サウジはイエメン空爆の有志連合を主導しており、クーデターで政権を掌握した武装組織フーシと戦うイエメン軍や民兵を組織的に支援している。人権団体は、少年兵クラスター爆弾の使用多くの民間人が犠牲になっていることなどを指摘している。

この記事はハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳、加筆しました。

▼関連スライドショー(写真をクリック)▼

サウジアラビア大使館襲撃 画像集
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(01 of36)
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Iranian demonstrators burn representations of the U.S. and Israeli flags during a demonstration in front of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Tehran, Iran, to protest the execution of Saudi Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent opposition Shiite cleric, seen in posters, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. The execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(02 of36)
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Iranian demonstrators chant slogans during a protest denouncing the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent opposition Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, seen in posters, in front of the Saudi Embassy, in Tehran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. His execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(03 of36)
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Iranian demonstrators hold posters of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent opposition Saudi Shiite cleric, during a protest denouncing his execution, in front of the Saudi Embassy, in Tehran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. Al-Nimr was a central figure in protests by Saudi Arabia\'s Shiite minority until his arrest in 2012, and his execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-PROTEST(04 of36)
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Iranian protesters gather outside the Saudi Embassy in Tehran during a demonstration against the execution of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, on January 2, 2016. Nimr was a driving force of the protests that broke out in 2011 in Saudi Arabia\'s east, an oil-rich region where the Shiite minority of an estimated two million people complains of marginalisation. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-PROTEST(05 of36)
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Iranian protesters set fire to the Saudi Embassy in Tehran during a demonstration against the execution of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, on January 2, 2016. Nimr was a driving force of the protests that broke out in 2011 in Saudi Arabia\'s east, an oil-rich region where the Shiite minority of an estimated two million people complains of marginalisation. AFP PHOTO / ISNA / MOHAMMADREZA NADIMI / AFP / ISNA / MOHAMMADREZA NADIMI (Photo credit should read MOHAMMADREZA NADIMI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-PROTEST(06 of36)
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Iranian protesters gather outside the Saudi Embassy in Tehran during a demonstration against the execution of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, on January 2, 2016. Nimr was a driving force of the protests that broke out in 2011 in Saudi Arabia\'s east, an oil-rich region where the Shiite minority of an estimated two million people complains of marginalisation. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-PROTEST(07 of36)
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Iranian protesters gather outside the Saudi Embassy in Tehran during a demonstration against the execution of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, on January 2, 2016. Nimr was a driving force of the protests that broke out in 2011 in Saudi Arabia\'s east, an oil-rich region where the Shiite minority of an estimated two million people complains of marginalisation. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(08 of36)
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Police officers try to disperse protestors during a protest denouncing the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent opposition Saudi Shiite cleric, in front of the Saudi Embassy in Tehran, Iran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. His execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(09 of36)
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Tehran\'s police chief Gen. Hossein Sajedinia, center right, tries to disperse protesters during a demonstration to denounce the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent Saudi opposition Shiite cleric, in front of Saudi Arabia\'s Embassy in Tehran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. His execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(10 of36)
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Surrounded by policemen, a Muslim cleric addresses a crowd during a demonstration to protest the execution of Saudi Shiite Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, seen in poster, in front of the Saudi embassy in Tehran, Iran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. Al-Nimr was a central figure in protests by Saudi Arabia\'s Shiite minority until his arrest in 2012, and his execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(11 of36)
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Iranian demonstrators burn a representation of the U.S. and Israeli flags during a demonstration in front of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Tehran, Iran, to protest the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent opposition Shiite cleric, seen in posters, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. Al-Nimr was a central figure in protests by Saudi Arabia\'s Shiite minority until his arrest in 2012, and his execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia Protest(12 of36)
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Iranian demonstrators hold street signs bearing the name of Saudi Shiite Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, shown in the posters at right, before the street signs were installed on the renamed street where the Saudi Embassy is located, during a protest against his execution, in Tehran, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. Saudi Arabia announced the execution of al-Nimr on Saturday along with 46 others. Al-Nimr was a central figure in protests by Saudi Arabia\'s Shiite minority until his arrest in 2012, and his execution drew condemnation from Shiites across the region. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(13 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(14 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(15 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(16 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(17 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Mideast Iran Saudi Arabia(18 of36)
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Iranian security stand guard to protect Saudi Arabia\'s embassy in Tehran, Iran, while a group of demonstrators gathered to protest execution of a Shiite cleric in Saudi Arabia, Sunday, Jan. 3, 2016. (AP Photo/Ebrahim Noroozi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(19 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(20 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Iranian security forces members stand guard as the demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(21 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: A woman holds a poster of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(22 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(23 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Iranian women hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(24 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(25 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Iranian security forces members stand guard as the demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(26 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Iranian security forces members stand guard as the demonstrators hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr and shout slogans during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Tehran against execution of Shiite cleric(27 of36)
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TEHRAN, IRAN - JANUARY 3: Iranian women hold posters of Nimr Baqir al-Nimr during a protest rally outside the embassy of Saudi Arabia against the execution of prominent Saudi Shia cleric Nimr Baqir al-Nimr by Saudi authorities, in Tehran, Iran on January 2016. (Photo by Stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(28 of36)
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Iraqi Shiite clerics, one holding a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr, take part in a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(29 of36)
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An Iraqi man holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(30 of36)
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Iranian riot police block a street leading to the Saudi embassy as protesters hold portraits of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in Tehran. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(31 of36)
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An Iranian woman holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, outside the Saudi embassy in Tehran. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAN-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(32 of36)
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An Iranian woman holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, outside the Saudi embassy in Tehran. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / ATTA KENARE / AFP / ATTA KENARE (Photo credit should read ATTA KENARE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTA KENARE via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(33 of36)
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An Iraqi man holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(34 of36)
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An Iraqi man holds a portrait of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(35 of36)
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Iraqi men hold portraits of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)
IRAQ-SAUDI-EXECUTION-RELIGION-DEMO(36 of36)
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Iraqi men hold portraits of prominent Shiite Muslim cleric Nimr al-Nimr during a demonstration against his execution by Saudi authorities, on January 3, 2016, in the capital Baghdad. Iran and Iraq\'s top Shiite leaders condemned Saudi Arabia\'s execution of Nimr, warning ahead of protests that the killing was an injustice that could have serious consequences. AFP PHOTO / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE / AFP / AHMAD AL-RUBAYE (Photo credit should read AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AHMAD AL-RUBAYE via Getty Images)