【スコットランド】なぜイギリスから独立めざすのか? 9月18日に住民投票

イギリスの国旗として慣れ親しんだ「ユニオンジャック」のデザインが変更されるかもしれない。この旗はイングランド、スコットランド、アイルランドの3つの国旗が掛け合わせてできているが、スコットランドがイギリスから独立する可能性があるからだ。
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イギリスの国旗として慣れ親しんだ「ユニオンジャック」のデザインが変更されるかもしれない。この旗はイングランド、スコットランド、アイルランドの3つの国旗を掛け合わせてできているが、「青地に白」旗のスコットランドがイギリスから独立する可能性があるからだ。

独立の是非を問う住民投票は9月18日に迫っている。もし独立を達成すれば、1707年にイングランドに合併されて以来、300年ぶりとなる。なぜスコットランドで独立論が浮上しているのか追ってみた。

■北海油田の発見で独立論が浮上

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スコットランドは上記のイギリス地図の青い部分。グレートブリテン島北部の3分の1を占める面積約8万平方kmの国土に、イギリス全体の約1割にあたる525万人が住む。日本の北海道の面積・人口とほぼ同じだ。

イングランド、ウェールズ、北アイルランドと共に連合王国であるイギリスを構成している。中世には独立した王国として南隣のイングランドと攻防を繰り返したが、17世紀に同じ王を抱く同君連合が結ばれて、1707年に統一された。

かつてのスコットランドの主要産業は石炭だった。イギリスの産業革命を支え、グラスゴーの造船業・機械工業は大英帝国の栄光をもたらす原動力となった。さらに1960年代に北海油田が開発されると、石油基地として大きな発展をとげたが、油田の主要海域を抱えているのに英国政府に財源を管理されることへの経済的な不満が膨れあがっていった。

MSN産経ニュースでは、イギリスからの独立を掲げるスコットランド民族党の主張を、次のように伝えている。

独立を目指す背景には、1960年代に発見された北海油田の存在が色濃い。欧州最大の埋蔵量とされる石油・ガス資源を支配下に置くことで、独立すれば1人当たりの所得が年1000ポンド(約17万円)増えると主張している。

(MSN産経ニュース「スコットランド 英国はやはり一つがいい」より 2014/08/20 03:08)

こうして独立派は支持を増やし、1997年の住民投票の結果、99年にスコットランド議会と自治政府が設立された。独立派のスコットランド民族党は、2011年の議会選挙で過半数を獲得。アレックス・サモンド党首がスコットランド自治政府の首相に就任した。こうして、独立の是非を問う住民投票が実施されることになったというわけだ。

■スコットランド独立後の青写真は?

2013年11月、サモンド首相が、スコットランド独立の基本理念をまとめた白書を発表している。独立する日は2016年3月24日、EUに加盟し、通貨は英ポンドを維持。核ミサイルを搭載した潜水艦は、スコットランドから移動させるという。

649ページからなる白書では「もっと民主的で、もっと繁栄した公平な社会の実現」を謳ったうえで、独立が承認された場合、16年3月24日を英国からの独立の日とし、核ミサイル搭載戦略原潜は英国に戻すほか、英通貨ポンドは維持しながら欧州連合(EU)加盟を目指すと表明した。

(MSN産経ニュース『独立スコットランドの理念発表 「2016年3月が“離脱の日”」』2013/11/26 22:31)

こうした中、イギリスはポンドの使用を認めない方針で、独立論を押さえ込むのに必死だ。キャメロン首相は2月7日、独立せずにイギリスに留まるように訴えた。

キャメロン英首相は7日、ロンドンで演説し、英国からの独立の是非を問う住民投票を年内に行うスコットランドに対し、英国に留まるよう呼び掛けた。首相は、スコットランドの独立は英国の世界的な影響力を低下させ、英国の金融および政治的な安定を脅かすと述べた。

首相は「われわれは英国として統一している方が、政治、軍事、外交および文化の面で間違いなく意味がある」とし、「スコットランドを失い、英国(の形)が変われば、われわれの名声は台無しになる」と訴えた。

(ロイター「英首相、スコットランド独立阻止へ呼び掛け」より 2014/02/10 10:47)

イギリスにしてみると、スコットランドに独立されるのは大きな痛手だ。同じく連合王国を構成する北アイルランドやウェールズにも独立運動が飛び火しかねない懸念があるからだ。そうなれば、旧ユーゴスラビアと同様に、国家が解体されてしまう。そうでなくても、スペインのバスク地方など、周辺国の過激な分離独立運動を刺激し、欧州全体で民族紛争が活発化することも考えられる。

イギリス国内の著名人の間でも意見が割れている。スコットランド出身の俳優ショーン・コネリーさんや、同じく映画にもなった小説「トレインスポッティング」の作者アービン・ウェルシュさんは独立を支持している。その一方でスコットランド在住の「ハリー・ポッター」シリーズの作者J・K・ローリングさんなど独立反対派も多い。

英ロックバンド、ローリング・ストーンズのミック・ジャガーさんや歌手のスティングさん、車いすの理論物理学者、スティーブン・ホーキングさんら著名人約200人が先日、連名で独立反対を表明。歌手のデビッド・ボウイさんも独立反対を呼びかけている。

(毎日新聞「スコットランド独立:著名人も論争熱く 投票まで1カ月」より 2014/08/19 11:51)

調査会社ユーゴブが8月7日に発表した調査結果では、スコットランド独立に反対する人の割合は55%、賛成は35%にとどまった。その一方で、8月25日に開かれた独立の是非をめぐる第2回テレビ討論会では、視聴者アンケートで、独立に賛成するサモンド首相が、反対派のダーリング前財務相に圧勝している

スコットランドの住民投票の行方がどうなるか目が離せなくなりそうだ。

【UPDATE】NHKニュースによると、9月13日に発表された世論調査では、独立に賛成が54%、反対が46%と賛成派がリードしている。ただし、逆に反対派が上回っているという別の調査結果も伝えられており、依然として接戦が続いている状態だ。(2014/09/16 16:42)

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A homeowner displays Yes signs in Eccles, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 referendum on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Northern Ireland Scotland Referendum(42 of82)
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Republican writing supporting the Yes vote in the Scottish Referendum on a mountain in West Belfast, Northern Ireland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Scotland is due to vote on September 18th in a referendum on Scottish independence and many people in Northern Ireland will be watching closely on its outcome. (AP Photo/Peter Morrison) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(43 of82)
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A Yes sign is displayed in a field with Llamas grazing in Jedburgh, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 referendum on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(44 of82)
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A homeowner displays No signs at Burnmouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Polls predict a very close vote in the upcoming landmark referendum on Scottish independence from Britain on September 18. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(45 of82)
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A No sign is displayed in Eyemouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Polls predict a very close vote in the upcoming landmark referendum on Scottish independence from Britian on September 18. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(46 of82)
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A shopowner displays a Yes sign above his shop in Eyemouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Polls predict a very close vote in the upcoming landmark referendum on Scottish independence from Britain on September 18. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(47 of82)
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Yes Signs are displayed in Eyemouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Polls predict a very close vote in the upcoming landmark referendum on Scottish independence from Britian on September 18. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scottish Referendum(48 of82)
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A sign welcoming motorists to Scotland at Berwick Upon Tweed, England, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scotland Referendum(49 of82)
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Signage for the first and last pub in Scotland at Burnmouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. Polls predict a very close vote in the upcoming landmark referendum on Scottish independence from Britian on September 18. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scottish Referendum(50 of82)
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A \"Yes\" sign in support of Scottish independence is displayed on the side of a building overlooking the harbour in Eyemouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Britain Scottish Referendum(51 of82)
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Custiners wait for their food at a stall located near the England and Scotland border at Berwick Upon Tweed, England, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(52 of82)
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SELKIRK, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 10: A vote Yes campaign sign is placed in a shop window ahead of the Scottish referendum on September 10, 2014 in Selkirk, Scotland. The Scottish referendum takes place next week and will determine if Scotland is to remain part of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Ian Forsyth/Getty Images) (credit:Ian Forsyth via Getty Images)
Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(53 of82)
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SELKIRK, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 10: A shop window is adorned with Yes campaign signs on September 10, 2014 in Selkirk, Scotland. The Scottish referendum takes place next week and will determine if Scotland is to remain part of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Ian Forsyth/Getty Images) (credit:Ian Forsyth via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(54 of82)
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Members of English Scots for Yes hold a \'Border tea party\' at the border at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(55 of82)
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SELKIRK, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 10: A Yes campaign placard is erected outside a house on the Scottish borders on September 10, 2014 in Selkirk, Scotland. The Scottish referendum takes place next week and will determine if Scotland is to remain part of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Ian Forsyth/Getty Images) (credit:Ian Forsyth via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(56 of82)
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Members of English Scots for Yes hold a \'Border tea party\' at the border at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(57 of82)
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The flags of St George, the flag of Scotland and the Great Britain flag fly high in North Northumberland not far from the Scottish Borders, as the debate over Scottish independence will enter a new phase tonight with the first live television clash between the First Minister and the man leading the campaign to keep the UK together. (credit:Owen Humphreys/PA Wire)
Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(58 of82)
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SELKIRK, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 10: A No campaign placard is placed on a gate on the edge of a farmers field in the Scottish borders on September 10, 2014 in Selkirk, Scotland. The Scottish referendum takes place next week and will determine if Scotland is to remain part of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Ian Forsyth/Getty Images) (credit:Ian Forsyth via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(59 of82)
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Ronnie Anderson from Edinburgh waves a Saltire flag beside the \'18 September 2014\' sign outside the Scottish Parliament, as there are 100 days to go until the referendum. (credit:Andrew Milligan/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(60 of82)
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A general view at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(61 of82)
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Better Together leader Alistair Darling launches the organisation\'s 100 Days to Go campaign during an event at Community Central Hall in Glasgow. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Britain Scottish Referendum(62 of82)
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A \"Yes\" sign in support of Scottish independence is displayed on the side of a building overlooking the harbour in Eyemouth, Scotland, Monday, Sept. 8, 2014. The British government plans to offer Scotland more financial autonomy in the coming days as polls predict a very close vote in the September 18 on Scottish independence. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The Saltire Flies Above Downing Street(63 of82)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: The Saltire flies above 10 Downing Street on September 9, 2014 in London, England. The three main party leaders are tomorrow heading to Scotland to join the referendum campaign trying save the Union of the United Kingdom. The Scottish referendum takes place on the 18th September. (Photo by Matthew Lloyd/Getty Images) (credit:Matthew Lloyd via Getty Images)
Gordon Brown Speech At Scottish Labour Headquarters(64 of82)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown delivers a speech to a packed room at Scottish Labour campaign headquarters on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Gordon Brown Speech At Scottish Labour Headquarters(65 of82)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown delivers a speech to a packed room at Scottish Labour campaign headquarters on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(66 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes flags and placards are placed in a window on the Royal Mile on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(67 of82)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and actor Alan Cumming outside the Yes Kelvin campaign hub in Glasgow ahead of the Scottish independence referendum vote on September 18. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(68 of82)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and actor Alan Cumming outside the Yes Kelvin campaign hub in Glasgow ahead of the Scottish independence referendum vote on September 18. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(69 of82)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and leader of Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood, campaign to say that a Yes vote is the only way to secure the status and funding of ScotlandÕs NHS, during a photocall in Glasgow, as the campaign ahead of the Scottish independence referendum continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(70 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Better Together campaigners join the Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson, Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont and Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie, as they announce their backing for more powers for Scotland on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(71 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Better Together campaigners join the Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson, Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont and Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie, as they announce their backing for more powers for Scotland on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(72 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes supporters await the arrival of First Minister Alex Salmond, during an event wher he met with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(73 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes supporters await the arrival of First Minister Alex Salmond, during an event wher he met with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(74 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(75 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(76 of82)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: (EDITORS NOTE: This image is a re-crop of image #455028102) First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(77 of82)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon (MSP), and anti-poverty campaigner and lifelong Labour Party member Bob Holman on the Yes Campaign trail pose with \'Yes\' campaigners in Easterhouse on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(78 of82)
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Labour leader Ed Miliband campaigns in the Scottish independence referendum near the Blantyre miners community resource centre in Scotland. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(79 of82)
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SNP leader Alex Salmond during a visit to Brownings Bakers bakery in Kilmarnock, Scotland where he was presented with Aye branded cakes, as the Scottish independence referendum campaign continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(80 of82)
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A Better Together supporters is pictured in Princes Street Gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland, as the Scottish independence referendum campaign continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(81 of82)
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A person holds a Yes Scotland flag as MP Jim Murphy, who was hit by an egg while campaigning last week, resumes his 100 Streets in 100 Days Better Together tour outside the Royal Scottish Academy in Edinburgh, as the Scottish independence referendum campaign continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(82 of82)
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A YES campaign banner on a house in the border town of Galashiels, Scotland as campaigning for the Scottish independence referendum enters the final few weeks. (credit:David Cheskin/PA Wire)