【タイ】軍事クーデターでも急がれる地域格差の是正

総選挙実施を目指すタクシン派(与党・プアタイ党、農民・低所得層)と、選挙を経ない形で政権交代を目指す反タクシン派(野党・民主党、都市部の中高所得層・特権階級(*1))との間の政権争いが混乱を極めている。5月に入ってからは首相の失職、国軍による戒厳令の発令があり、現在は軍事クーデターによって軍事政権が発足している。
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■政局混乱の背景にある地域格差の問題

総選挙実施を目指すタクシン派(与党・プアタイ党、農民・低所得層)と、選挙を経ない形で政権交代を目指す反タクシン派(野党・民主党、都市部の中高所得層・特権階級(*1))との間の政権争いが混乱を極めている。

5月に入ってからは首相の失職、国軍による戒厳令の発令があり、現在は軍事クーデターによって軍事政権が発足している。

これらは日本で起きれば戦後最大の事件になるだろうが、タイにとってはお馴染みのイベントのようだ。なぜならタクシン派と反タクシン派の対立から始まる政変は、2006年の軍事クーデター、2008年の憲法裁判所による与党解党に続き、今回は3回目であるからだ。

このように政治の混乱が繰り返される背景には、地域間の所得格差の問題がある。

地域別の1人当たり所得(月額)を見ると、バンコク都市圏と東北部では約2.5倍もの開きがある(図表1)。加えて、都市化率(図表2)を見ても都市部は少数派であることから、総選挙となれば手厚い低所得者対策で農村部の支持を受けるタクシン派の勝利は必至というわけだ。

しかし、その後はタクシン派政権の汚職・不正疑惑やバラマキ政策などを背景に反タクシン派のデモが激化し、憲法裁判所や軍の関与が入った結果、タクシン派は「ご退場」となる。そして、数年以内に実施される総選挙においてタクシン派が再び実権を握るまでが一連のサイクルになっている。この政局混乱のサイクルから脱却するには、タイ政府は地域格差の問題により真剣に取り組む必要がある。

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政府もこれまで地域格差の是正に取り組まなかった訳ではない。バンコクに一極集中する投資を地方に分散しようと優遇措置の差別化、基盤インフラ・工業団地の整備などを行い、産業集積を作った成功事例もある(*2)。

しかし、地方への投資は地域格差の問題を解消するほどには進まなかった。これは地方に対して多少の優遇措置・インフラ開発をしただけでは、企業の投資意欲を圧倒的な立地魅力度(広範に整備されたインフラ、大規模産業集積、高度人材の確保など)を持つバンコク都市部から逸らすことはできなかったためであろう。

また、タイ政府は、他のアジア新興国との投資誘致の競争のなかで投資需要のない地方開発は選挙向けに姿勢だけ見せておいて、実際は投資需要のあるバンコクの開発を優先していた可能性もある。

■タイ・プラス・ワンで地域格差が深刻化

この地域格差の問題は、2015年末に創設されるASEAN経済共同体(AEC)による域内の統合深化の影響を受け、更に悪化する懸念が高まっている。その懸念はASEAN経済統合の目玉である国際物流インフラ(東西経済回廊など)を使った「タイ・プラス・ワン」という企業戦略にある。

タイ国内の縫製、食品加工、自動車部品など製造業においては、一部の生産拠点をラオスやカンボジアのタイ国境付近の経済特区に移転する動きが出てきている。労働集約的な工程を扱う生産拠点については、最低賃金の大幅引き上げ(*3)(図表3)や労働力不足に悩まされるタイではなく、輸送コストをかけてでも賃金水準の低いラオスやカンボジアで生産した方がトータルのコストを抑えられる(またはリスク分散になる)というわけだ。

この企業戦略によって、タイの労働者はより生産性の高い労働を求められるようになることから、タイが産業の高度化を目指す上では望ましい動きにも見える。しかし、これは同時に教育水準の低い地方の出稼ぎ労働者の職を奪うほか、生産拠点の地方誘致の障害にもなるのではないだろうか。長期的に深化していくASEAN経済統合のダイナミズムに呑み込まれずに済むとは思えない。

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■先行きを考えれば、地域格差を是正する時間的余裕はない。

まず優遇措置については、「バンコク中心部から遠いほど」というよりも「経済回廊沿いにある地方中核都市」に限定して手厚くした方が地方の産業集積も進みやすくなる。そして、それら地方都市と農村間にインフラを整えれば、農村部からも働きに出て行き易くなる。同時に、地方の教育水準を引き上げるため職業訓練などにもお金をかける必要もある。

こうした政策のもとで地方の都市化が進んで中間層が育てば、支えられる側の地方人口が減って地域格差の問題が緩和され、政治の安定に繋がるのではないだろうか。これから始まる軍主導の暫定政権の存続期間や政治的力量は未知数ではあるが、ASEAN経済統合により進めた国際物流インフラを国内の地域格差是正に使うような政策を是非取り入れてもらいたい。今こそピンチをチャンスに変える時だ。

(*1) 中立である司法、軍も潜在的に反タクシン派寄りに位置する。

(*2) 米SEAGATEのハードディスク・ドライブ(東北部ナコーンラーチャシーマー県)、タイ矢崎のワイヤハーネス(北部ピサヌローク県)など。

(*3) 2013年1月、タイでは法定最低賃金の大幅引き上げ(日額228バーツから300バーツへ)を実施。

関連レポート

株式会社ニッセイ基礎研究所

経済研究部 研究員

(2014年5月26日「研究員の眼」より転載)

タイ軍、クーデターを宣言
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A Thai soldier stands guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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A foreign tourist poses for a photo as Thai soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Passersby pose for a photo with Thai army soldiers standing guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Passersby photograph Thai soldiers standing guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Thai soldiers stand guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Thai soldiers enter the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. (Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army officer briefs soldiers standing guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army officer briefs soldiers standing guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers enter the offices of the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army officer briefs soldiers standing guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers patrol the offices of the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army soldier stands guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army soldier stands guard on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army soldier stands guard on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: View of a gun mounted on a Thai army vehicle after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers stand guard on a city centre street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: News media reports from a downtown street as soldiers deploy after the army declares martial law on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers deploy on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A foreign tourist sits in a Thai Army vehicle as soldiers deploy on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A photo is taken of a Thai Army soldier as soldiers deploy on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A foreign tourist poses for a photo with Thai Army soldiers deployed on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai Army soldiers stand guard on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army soldier sleeps while deployed on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: People pose for photos with Thai Army soldiers deployed on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A woman poses for a photo next to a Thai Army vehicle after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai Army soldier stands guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai Army soldiers stand guard on a city center street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai army soldier sleeps while deployed on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A Thai Army soldier stands guard outside the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai Army soldiers stand guard on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A foreign tourist poses for a photo with Thai Army soldiers deployed on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: A photo is taken of a Thai Army soldier as soldiers deploy on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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BANGKOK, THAILAND - MAY 20: Thai army soldiers deploy on a downtown street after martial law was declared on May 20, 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. The army imposed martial law across Thailand amid a deepening political crisis that has seen six months of protests and claimed at least 28 lives. (Photo by Rufus Cox/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)