チュニジア襲撃――円満な政治変動の「影」が表出

「アラブの春」の政治変動を経て、アラブ諸国は政治的、社会的な深い混迷の中にあるが、チュニジアは「アラブの春」の「優等生」とも形容できるほど、政情は安定していた。
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AFP時事

18日、チュニジアの首都チュニスで、国会議事堂近くにあるバルドー博物館が武装集団によって襲撃され、日本人の観光客3人が犠牲となり、3人が負傷した。チュニジアは観光産業がGDPの7%を占めるほどの観光立国だからその経済に与える影響は計り知れない。一昨年9月に訪れた時もカルタゴなどの遺跡にはヨーロッパや日本からの多くの観光客を目にした。「アラブの春」の政治変動を経て、シリア、リビア、イエメンなどアラブ諸国は政治的、社会的な深い混迷の中にあるが、チュニジアは「アラブの春」の「優等生」とも形容できるほど、政情は安定していた。

チュニジアでは2011年10月に制憲議会が招集され、新憲法が制定された。議会で第1党となったのは「エンナフダ(再生)」という穏健なイスラム政党で、この政党がその世俗的な他の2政党と連立与党を組んだ。

エンナフダの指導者のラシード・ガンヌーシーは、22年間の逃亡生活の後、2011年1月末にチュニジアに帰国したものの、政府のポストに就くことがなく、政党の党首の座にとどまり、エンナフダの指導者たちが2011年12月から2014年1月まで首相の座にあったが、その後は世俗的なメヘディ・ジョマア首相となり、今年2月にやはり世俗的で、元農業官僚のハビブ・エシードが首相となった。

政権移行が順調に行われたわけではない。新憲法制定のプロセスは遅れたし、また2012年9月には米国大使館がテロに遭った。2013年には左翼の政治家が2月と7月に殺害されるという事件も発生した。

こうした事態を受けて、2013年秋、チュニジアの労働組合同盟が政府と野党との協議の場を設定し、その年の末にエンナフダに代わって政党色のない人物たちが政治の中枢を掌握していった。2014年2月に公布された憲法はイスラム主義者にも世俗主義者にも容認できるものだった。新憲法に乗っ取りに昨年10月に議会選挙、続いて翌11月に大統領選挙が行われ、世俗主義者のベジ・カイドセブシ大統領が就任した。

「アラブの春」の政治変動の際も独裁者のベンアリ大統領はいち早くサウジアラビアに逃亡し、権力の座を放棄し、軍隊も政治変動に関わることがなかった。イスラム政党のエンナフダも権力を独占しようとはせず、世俗的な現体制を支持しているが、警察力で過激な勢力を抑圧した結果、「イスラム国」の中では最も多い外国人勢力である3000人のチュニジア人を供給することになった。チュニジアの平和裏の政治変動の影の部分を今回の事件は表すことになった。

チュニジア バルドー博物館襲撃事件
Tunisia Museum Attack(01 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Museum attack hostages are seen after Tunisian Security forces start an operation as gunmen reportedly took hostages at the Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ezer Mnasri/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(02 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Members of the Tunisian armed forces take up positions during an operation at the Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ezer Mnasri/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(03 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Museum attack hostages are seen after Tunisian Security forces start an operation as gunmen reportedly took hostages at the Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ezer Mnasri/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(04 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Members of the Tunisian armed forces take up positions during an operation at the Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ezer Mnasri/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
19 Dead After Gunmen Attack Tunisian Museum(05 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Snipers are seen at a building as Tunisian security forces take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
19 Dead After Gunmen Attack Tunisian Museum(06 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian people watch Tunisian security forces\' operation around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(07 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : A wounded museum attack victim is seen after an operation at the Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ezer Mnasri/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Attack(08 of36)
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Masked Tunisian soldiers stand guard outside the National Bardo Museum, Tunis, Wednesday, March 18, 2015. Foreign tourists scrambled in panic Wednesday after militants stormed a museum in Tunisia\'s capital and killed scores of people, \"shooting at anything that moved,\" a witness said. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Tunisia Attack(09 of36)
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Rescue workers evacuate children, left, and adults after gunmen opened fire at the Bardo museum in Tunisia\'s capital, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis. Authorities say scores of people are dead after an attack on a major museum in the Tunisian capital, and some of the gunmen may have escaped. (AP Photo/Ali Ben Salah) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Tunisia Attack(10 of36)
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Tourists and visitors from the Bardo museum are evacuated in Tunis, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, Tunisia. Gunmen opened fire at a leading museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 19 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. A later raid by security forces left two gunmen and one security officer dead but ended the standoff, Tunisian authorities said. (AP Photo/Hassene Dridi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Tunisia Attack(11 of36)
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Escorted by security forces, rescue workers pull an empty stretcher outside the Bardo museum Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, Tunisia. Authorities say scores of people are dead after an attack on a major museum in the Tunisian capital, and some of the gunmen may have escaped. (AP Photo/Salah Ben Mahmoud) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Tunisia Attack(12 of36)
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A member of security forces runs outside the Bardo museum in Tunis, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, Tunisia after gunmen opened fire at the leading museum in Tunisia\'s capital. Tunisia\'s prime minister says 21 people are dead after an attack on a major museum, including 17 foreign tourists â and that two or three of the attackers remain at large. (AP Photo/Hassene Dridi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Tunisia Attack(13 of36)
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A victim is being evacuated by rescue workers outside the Bardo museum in Tunis, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, Tunisia. Gunmen opened fire at a leading museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 19 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. A later raid by security forces left two gunmen and one security officer dead but ended the standoff, Tunisian authorities said. (AP Photo/Hassene Dridi) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(14 of36)
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Tunisian security forces open a gate to allow an ambulance carrying wounded victims from a gunmen attack at Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015 to pass. At least 17 foreigners were killed, they were among 19 people who died in the attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. The attack appeared to be the worst on foreigners in Tunisia since an Al-Qaeda suicide bombing on a synagogue killed 14 Germans, two French and five Tunisians on the island of Djerba in 2002. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(15 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi visit the Charles Nicolle Hospital where wounded museum attack victims are taken for treatment in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(16 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian security forces take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ahmet Izgi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(17 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian security forces take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ahmet Izgi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(18 of36)
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A member of the Tunisian special security forces jubilates after killing two gunmen who attacked Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015. At least 17 foreigners were killed, they were among 19 people who died in the attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. The attack appeared to be the worst on foreigners in Tunisia since an Al-Qaeda suicide bombing on a synagogue killed 14 Germans, two French and five Tunisians on the island of Djerba in 2002. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(19 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian security forces take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Yassine Gaidi - Anadolu Agency) (Photo by Yassine Gaidi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(20 of36)
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A member of the Tunisian special security forces sits in a car after the killing of two gunmen who attacked Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015. At least 17 foreigners were killed, they were among 19 people who died in the attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. The attack appeared to be the worst on foreigners in Tunisia since an Al-Qaeda suicide bombing on a synagogue killed 14 Germans, two French and five Tunisians on the island of Djerba in 2002. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(21 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian security forces take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Photo by Ahmet Izgi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(22 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : Tunisian security forces take suspects into custody in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Yassine Gaidi - Anadolu Agency) (Photo by Yassine Gaidi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(23 of36)
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Tunisian security forces secure the area after gunmen attacked Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015. At least 17 foreigners were killed, they were among 19 people who died in the attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. The attack appeared to be the worst on foreigners in Tunisia since an Al-Qaeda suicide bombing on a synagogue killed 14 Germans, two French and five Tunisians on the island of Djerba in 2002. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(24 of36)
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Tunisian security forces and military personnel secure the area after gunmen attacked Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015. At least 17 foreigners were killed, they were among 19 people who died in the attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. The attack appeared to be the worst on foreigners in Tunisia since an Al-Qaeda suicide bombing on a synagogue killed 14 Germans, two French and five Tunisians on the island of Djerba in 2002. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
Tunisia Museum Attack(25 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18 : A Tunisian security force helicopter take security measures around the Bardo Museum after an attack in Tunis, Tunisia on March 18, 2015. Gunmen opened fire at the Bardo Museum in Tunisia\'s capital, killing 21 people including 17 tourists, the Tunisian Prime Minister said. (Yassine Gaidi - Anadolu Agency) (Photo by Yassine Gaidi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
TUNISIA-ATTACKS-TOURISM(26 of36)
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Tunisian security forces secure the area after gunmen attacked Tunis\' famed Bardo Museum on March 18, 2015. At least seven foreigners and a Tunisian were killed in an attack by two men armed with assault rifles on the museum, the interior ministry said. AFP PHOTO / FETHI BELAID\n\n (Photo credit should read FETHI BELAID/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FETHI BELAID via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(27 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Security measures are taken outside the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. At least eight people, including six foreign tourists, were killed in the attack by unidentified gunmen on the museum in the Tunisian capital, the Interior Ministry said. (Photo by Ahmet Izgi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(28 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: An ambulance evacuating woundeds from the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. At least eight people, including six foreign tourists, were killed in the attack by unidentified gunmen on the museum in the Tunisian capital, the Interior Ministry said. (Photo by Ahmet Izgi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(29 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Security measures are taken outside the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Yassine Gaidi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(30 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Security measures are taken outside the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(31 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Security measures are taken outside the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(32 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Police forces arrest a suspicious man when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage at the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Yassine Gaidi /Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(33 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Police forces arrest a suspicious man when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage at the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Yassine Gaidi /Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Gunmen reportedly take hostages at Tunisia museum(34 of36)
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TUNIS, TUNISIA - MARCH 18: Security measures are taken outside the National Bardo Museum, near the country\'s parliament in Tunis, when gunmen take an unknown number of tourists hostage on Wednesday, March 18, 2015. (Photo by Amine Landoulsi/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Tunisia Attack(35 of36)
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A victim arrives at the Charles Nicoles hospital, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, Tunisia. Authorities say scores of people are dead after an attack on a major museum in the Tunisian capital, and some of the gunmen may have escaped. (AP Photo/Edel Ezine) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Tunisia Attack(36 of36)
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Tourists and visitors line up before being evacuated from the Bardo museum Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis, after gunmen opened fire at the leading museum in Tunisia\'s capital. At least 21 people in all were killed, including two gunmen, but some attackers may have escaped, authorities said. (AP Photo/Salah Ben Mahmoud) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)