W杯スタジアム建設はなぜ遅れているのか? 横行する賄賂、不正な入札、ブラジルサッカーの暗部に迫る(沢田啓明)

ブラジルに限らず、中南米諸国の社会構造は、欧米、日本などの先進国と大きく異なる。建国以来、常に巨大な貧富の差が存在しており、支配階級は自らの既得権益を損なわないため、不平等、不公正なシステムを維持することに腐心する。たとえば、富裕層に対する所得税や相続税が先進国と比べて著しく低く、富める者はいつまでも富み、貧しい者はいつまでも貧しい構造になっている。
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■貧しい者はいつまでも貧しい、ブラジルの構造

ブラジルに限らず、中南米諸国の社会構造は、欧米、日本などの先進国と大きく異なる。建国以来、常に巨大な貧富の差が存在しており、支配階級は自らの既得権益を損なわないため、不平等、不公正なシステムを維持することに腐心する。

たとえば、富裕層に対する所得税や相続税が先進国と比べて著しく低く、富める者はいつまでも富み、貧しい者はいつまでも貧しい構造になっている。

無償の学校教育や健康保険制度は、建前としては存在する。しかし、サービスの質が劣悪だから、中流以上の階層はそんなものには見向きもしない。高い授業料を払って子弟を私立校で学ばせ、高価な健康保険を手配して家族の健康を守る。高校までの教育費は高くつくが、授業料が完全無料の一流国公立大学へ送り込めば、十分に元は取れる。そして、彼らが新たな支配階級となる。

一方、大衆の子弟は給料の値上げを求めて頻繁に教職員がストライキを行っているような、無償ではあるが教育の質が劣悪な公立校で学ぶ。レベルが高い国公立の大学にはとうてい入学できず、その大多数は低学歴、低職能ゆえの低賃金に甘んじる。

そして、社会の底辺で喘ぐこれらの大衆に"ガス抜き"として与えられるのがフットボールとカーニバルだ(ただし、ブラジルの場合は大衆のみならず中流以上の階層にもフットボールは絶大な人気があるが)。皮肉なことに、その大衆へのガス抜き装置であるフッボールの最大の祭典のプレ大会で、突然、大衆が反乱を起こした(起こしかけた)のである。

■反対意見を封じ込める悪党の常套手段

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デモ隊は、ワールドカップの開催そのものに反対しているのではない。

ブラジルがFIFAの要求に唯々諾々と従い、莫大な費用を投じて分不相応に贅沢なスタジアムを建設させられ、その一方で、これまでないがしろにされてきた公共サービスの質が一向に向上しないことに反発して、「我々にもFIFA基準の健康、教育、公共交通サービスを」と訴えたのである。

そもそも、2009年にブラジルがワールドカップ誘致に成功した際、当時のブラジルフットボール協会リカルド・テイシェイラ会長(数々の金銭疑惑を指摘されて2012年3月に辞任)は、「スタジアム建設費用を含め、開催には公的資金を一切使わない。国内外の企業からの民間投資ですべて賄う」と大見得を切った。

できそうもないことを「絶対にできる」と言い張り、とりあえず反対意見を封じておいて、以後、なし崩し的に自分の都合のいい方向へ誘導しようとするのは、この国の悪党の常套手段だ。

■地方自治体から流れた巨額の賄賂

2009年5月にブラジルが2014年ワールドカップ開催国に選ばれ、18都市が会場に立候補したが、12都市に絞られた。この過程で、開催地を争い一部の地方自治体からCBF(ブラジルフットボール協会)とLOC(ワールドカップ組織委員会)へ巨額の賄賂が流れたとされている。

そして、12会場のうちクラブが改修資金の大半を捻出するプランを提示したのはサンパウロ、クリチーバ、ポルトアレグレだけで、残りの9会場は国や地方自治体が公的資金を用いて建設することになった。早くもこの時点で、テイシェイラ会長の"公約"は霧散したのである。

国内最大の経済都市であるサンパウロの会場は、当初、サンパウロFCが所有するモルンビー・スタジアムを改修することになっていた。しかし、コリンチャンスがテイシェイラ会長との"親密な関係"を利用し、ワールドカップ会場という名目で念願の新スタジアムを建設することを考えた。

そして、「サンパウロFCは、FIFAの求める規模の駐車場をスタジアム周辺に建設する資金がない」という理由でモルンビー・スタジアムをワールドカップ会場予定地から外すように仕向け、コリンチャンスがスタジアムを建設し、それをワールドカップ開幕戦の会場として使用することをCBFとLOCを通してFIFAに認めさせたのである。

■工期の遅れもやはり計画的なものか

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ただし、コリンチャンスはスタジアムの建設費用を全額捻出することなど不可能だ。そこで、建設費用の約半分を公的資金で賄うことをサンパウロ州に認めさせた。

建前では、ワールドカップの12会場は厳正な入札を経て建設業者が選ばれることになっていた。しかし、ほぼすべての会場で、建設業者が談合、カラ入札、賄賂の授受などの不正行為があったとされている。

最もスキャンダラスな例が、首都のブラジリア国立競技場だ。入札で選ばれたのは、約7億レアル(約308億円)を提示した建設業者だった。しかし、その後、設計プランの変更、材料費や人件費の上昇、さらには意図的に工事を遅らせておいて「緊急工事が必要」と状況をでっち上げたとみなされるケースまで含め、ありとあらゆる理由で建設費用を吊り上げた。最終的な建築費用は、15億レアル(約660億円)と入札価格の2倍以上となった。

近年、ブラジル国内で各種材料費や人件費が上昇しているのは事実であり、多少のコスト増はやむをえない部分がある。しかし、実際の建築費用が当初の予定の2倍を超えるとなると、もはや入札した意味などない。

「入札で勝つためわざと低い金額を提示し、その後、なし崩し的に上げた」と見るのが自然だろう。しかし、一度、建設工事が始まってしまうと、業者を交代させるのは極めて困難だ。もちろん、業者はこのことをすべて見通した上で、低い金額で入札したにちがいない。

ブラジルの闇は深い。スタジアム建設現場での安全性は万全のものではなく、悲惨な事故も起こっている。交通機関などインフラ整備も遅れており、そもそも今必死でつくっている箱モノが大会後には無用の長物となる可能性もある。下院議員に当選したかつてのスター、ロマーリオは問題点を指摘し、期待されているが...。

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(2014年1月13日「フットボールチャンネル」より転載)

本田圭佑、ACミランデビュー
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Maya Yoshida of Japan challenges Moussa Dembele of Belgium during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(15 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates the second goal with Shinji Okazaki during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(16 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates the second goal with Shinji Okazaki (C) and Makoto Hasebe of Japan (R) during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(17 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates the second goal with Shinji Okazaki (C), Makoto Hasebe of Japan (2nd R) and Yoichiro Kakitani (R) during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(18 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Marouane Fellani of Belgium follows Shinji Kagawa of Japan during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(19 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Shinji Okazaki of Japan runs with the ball during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(20 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Shinji Okazaki of Japan scores the third goal against Thomas Vermaelen of Belgium during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(21 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Shinji Okazaki of Japan (R) celebrates the second goal qith Makoto Hasebe of Japan (L) during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(22 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Shinji Kagawa of Japan runs with the ball during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(23 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Hajime Hosogai of Japan (R) challenges Marouane Fellani of Belgium (L) during the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(24 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Keisuke Honda and Eiji Kawashima of Japan celebrate after the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. The match between Belgium and Japan ended 2-3. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(25 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: The team of Japan celebrates after winning the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. The match between Belgium and Japan ended 2-3. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(26 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Eiji Kawashima and Makoto Hasebe of Japan celebratre after the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. The match between Belgium and Japan ended 2-3. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(27 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: Shinji Kagawa of Japan (R) is congratulated after winning the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. The match between Belgium and Japan ended 2-3. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Belgium v Japan - International Friendly(28 of28)
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BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 19: The video screen shows the result of the international friendly match between Belgium and Japan at King Badouin stadium on November 19, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. The match between Belgium and Japan ended 2-3. (Photo by Christof Koepsel/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
サッカー親善試合 日本対オランダ 2013年11月16日
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(01 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: The team of Japan poses prior to the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(02 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Nigel de Jong of Netherlands is challenged by Shinji Okazaki of Japan during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(03 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Arjen Robben of Netherlands is chased by Yuto Nagatomo of Japan during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(04 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Rafael van der Vaart of Netherlands celebrates the first goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(05 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Rafael van der Vaart of Netherlands is challenged by Shinji Okazaki of Japan during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(06 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Nigel de Jong of Netherlands is challenged by Shinji Okazaki of Japan during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(07 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Arjen Robben of Netherlands celebrates the second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(08 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Arjen Robben of Netherlands celebrates the second goal with teammate Rafael van der Vaart during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(09 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Arjen Robben of Netherlands celebrates the second goal with teammate Rafael van der Vaart during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(10 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Arjen Robben of Netherlands celebrates the second goal with teammates Rafael van der Vaart and Nigel de Jong during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(11 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart (C) leaps on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan past Japanese goalkeeper Shusaku Nishikawa (R) during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(12 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Yuya Osako of Japan celebrates his team\'s first goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(13 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Yuya Osako of Japan celebrates his team\'s first goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(14 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart celebrates on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(15 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart celebrates on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(16 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart (L) leaps on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan past Japanese goalkeeper Shusaku Nishikawa (2nd R) during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(17 of30)
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Dutch national team forward Arjen Robben (L) celebrates with midfielder Rafael van der Vaart on November 16, 2013 after the latter scored against Japan during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(18 of30)
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Dutch national team forward Arjen Robben celebrates on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(19 of30)
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Dutch national team forward Arjen Robben celebrates on November 16, 2013 after scoring against Japan during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(20 of30)
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Dutch national team forward Arjen Robben scores against Japan on November 16, 2013 during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(21 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart scores against Japan on November 16, 2013 during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(22 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Rafael van der Vaart of Netherlands reacts during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
FBL-WC2014-NED-JPN-FRIENDLY(23 of30)
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Dutch national team midfielder Rafael van der Vaart (L) scores against Japan on November 16, 2013 during a World Cup 2014 friendly football match at the Cristal Arena in Genk. AFP PHOTO / ANP / ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN - netherlands out - (Photo credit should read ROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(24 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Head coach Alberto Zaccheroni of Japan looks on during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(25 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates with teammates after scoring his team\'s second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(26 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates with teammates after scoring his team\'s second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(27 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates with teammates after scoring his team\'s second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(28 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates with teammates after scoring his team\'s second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(29 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Keisuke Honda of Japan celebrates with teammates after scoring his team\'s second goal during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)
Netherlands v Japan - International Friendly(30 of30)
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GENK, BELGIUM - NOVEMBER 16: Daryl Janmaat of Netherlands challenges Yuto Nagatamo of Japan during the International Friendly match between the Netherlands and Japan on November 16, 2013 in Genk, Belgium. (Photo by Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images,) (credit:Getty Images)