MERSとは? 感染率は低いけど致死率40%

韓国で中東呼吸器症候群(MERS)の感染が拡大し、日本へのウイルス上陸が懸念されている。これまで人から人への感染力が低いと見られていたMERSだが、韓国で感染が広がった背景には何があったのか。
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SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 02: People wear masks as a precaution against the MERS virus on June 2, 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. The Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea confirmed two deaths from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) on June 2, 2015. It reported six new cases of MERS, raising the number of confirmed local patients to 25. The first case was confirmed on May 20. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images)
Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images

韓国で中東呼吸器症候群(MERS)の感染が拡大し、日本へのウイルス上陸が懸念されている。産経ニュースによると、6月3日午前までに韓国内での感染者は死者2人を含む計30人となった。最初の患者と接点のなかった男性2人への3次感染までが確認されている。これまで人から人への感染力が低いと見られていたMERSだが、韓国で感染が広がった背景には何があったのか。

■致死率40%、治療法なし

MERSは、2012年にサウジアラビアで初めて確認されたウイルス性の感染症。MERSコロナウイルスと呼ばれる新種のウイルスが感染源だ。2003年ごろにアジアを中心に774人もの死者が出た重症急性呼吸器症候群(SARS、サーズ)の原因と同じコロナウイルスの仲間だという。

アラビア半島などの中東地域で患者が多く報告されていることから「中東呼吸器症候群」と名前がついた。毎日新聞によると、6月2日までにアフリカやヨーロッパ、アジアなど合わせて25カ国で1154人の感染が確認され、少なくとも431人が死亡した。致死率は40%程度に上っている。

厚生労働省のQ&Aによると、MERSに感染すると、発熱やせき、息切れなどの症状が現れ、多くの場合、肺炎を起こして呼吸困難に陥るという。特に糖尿病や心臓病など慢性的な病気を抱えている人や高齢者が重症化しやすい。現在、ワクチンや確立した治療法が見つかっていない。症状に合わせた治療以外に手段がないのが実態だ。

感染してから発症するまでの潜伏期間は、長くて2週間程度だ。もともと、動物の体内にいたウイルスが人間に感染するようになったとみられているが、詳しい感染経路は分かっていない。ヒトコブラクダの体内からMERSコロナウイルスが見つかっていることから、ヒトコブラクダが感染源の1つと考えられている。

NHKニュースでは、人から人への感染は医療機関の中や家族の間などに限られていて、感染力は強くないと考えられていると報じている。

■韓国では10日で感染者30人に 210校が休校

そのため、韓国での感染拡大は、これまでのMERSではあり得ない異常事態だ。韓国で最初の感染者が見つかったのは5月20日。それから、わずか10日あまりで感染者数は計30人へと膨れあがった。毎日新聞は次のように伝えている。

聯合ニュースなどによると、4〜5月に中東数カ国を訪れた韓国人男性(68)が帰国後の5月20日に感染が確認されて以来、韓国保健当局は感染者の周囲2メートル以内に近づいた家族や入院患者、医療関係者を隔離する「防疫網」を稼働した。

しかし、隔離が徹底されなかったため、病棟内の患者にも感染が拡大。さらに、最初の患者と接点のなかった男性2人への3次感染までが確認され、保健当局への批判が高まっている。

韓国:MERS隔離750人 初の3次感染に衝撃 - 毎日新聞 2015/06/02 21:04)

産経ニュースによると6月3日午前時点で、韓国で感染した疑いのあるのは398人。感染者と接触するなどして隔離措置が取られている対象者は1300人以上に膨らんだ。今回の事態を受け、韓国全土で約210の小中高校が休校となった。

■韓国の感染拡大で3つの可能性

一体、韓国で何があったのか。韓国予防接種諮問委員会の委員長を務める李煥種(イ・ファンジョン)ソウル大学教授は、3つの可能性を指摘している。

(1)最初の患者が平均より感染を広める力が著しく強いタイプの人だった

(2)元々人から人へうつりやすいウイルスだった

(3)ウイルスが変異した

ただし、日本の国立感染症研究所の松山州徳室長は、人から人への感染しやすくなったという(3)の説には否定的だ。「もし人から人へ感染しやすく変異していたら、どこでうつったのか分からない感染者が出てくるはずだ」 と話している。

NHKニュースによると、日本の厚生労働省は、中東地域に14日以内に滞在していた人で、38度以上の発熱やせきなどの症状が確認されたり感染が疑われる患者や感染源の一つとされるヒトコブラクダに接触したりした患者が医療機関を受診した場合は、直ちに保健所に届け出るように医療機関に対して求めているという。

韓国でMERSの感染広がる
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