アメリカの女性上級職が低評価を受ける意外な理由(調査結果)

企業大国アメリカでは、人材の多様性(ダイバーシティ)を尊重すると明らかに冷ややかな目で見られる――白人男性以外は。
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■アメリカでは、多様性を認める女性やマイノリティは出世できない?

企業大国アメリカでは、人材の多様性(ダイバーシティ)を尊重すると明らかに冷ややかな目で見られる――白人男性以外は。

企業で人材の多様性を推進する女性やマイノリティの上級職は、経営陣や同僚から比較的低い評価を受けていることがコロラド大学とテキサス大学の研究によって新たに報告された

この論文は2つの調査に基づいている。はじめに、上級職362名の業績評価について調査を行った。人材の多様性を認める価値観を持つ女性やマイノリティの従業員、つまり文化的背景の違いを理解し、背景が異なる従業員を管理する能力があると評価された人は、そうでない女性およびマイノリティの同僚と比較して点数が低かった。

白人男性に関しては、同様の価値観を持っていても、業績評価にあまり影響はない。

しかしこの実験だけでは、人材の多様性を認めたら業績評価が下がる、という証明にはならない。研究チームはもう一つの調査を行った。この調査では、395名の学生に人事担当が数名の採用候補者を選定するシーンを俳優たちが演じる動画を見せた。

学生たちは、女性やマイノリティの人事担当が非白人の人材を採用しようとすると、否定的な反応をみせた。ある女子学生は、女性の人事担当が多様性を重んじて女性を採用する場面を見て顔をしかめていたと、本研究の筆頭著者でコロラド大学リーズ・スクール・オブ・ビジネスのデビッド・ヘックマン経営学教授は言う。

「彼女たちは『これはひどい。この人事担当は女性なのに、女性には能力がなくて自分たちでは何もできないみたいに扱っている。結果的に私たち女性全員を貶めているわ』という反応を見せていた」とヘックマン教授は言う。

一方で、学生たちは人事担当が白人男性を採用すると肯定的な反応をみせたという。特に、女性や非白人の人事担当が白人男性を推すと、その傾向はより顕著であった。

このような反応の根底には、女性やマイノリティに対する否定的な固定観念があると研究者たちは示唆している。

女性やマイノリティが、白人男性を評価すれば受け入れられる。反対に、女性やマイノリティ同士が認め合うと、自分たちに都合よく「えこひいき」していると誤解されてしまう。

■ 人材の多様性を尊重したニューヨーク・タイムズの女性編集長はクビに

ヘックマン教授は、Yahoo!の女性CEOマリッサ・メイヤー氏と、最近解雇されたニューヨーク・タイムズの元女性編集主幹ジル・エイブラムソン氏が対照的な運命をたどったことが、教授が指摘する現象が現実世界で起きている事例ではないかと考えている。

メイヤー氏は、フェミニズムと距離を置いている。多くの大手テクノロジー企業がそうであるように、Yahoo!も人材の多様性に関しては取り組みが不十分である。女性の上級幹部率はわずか23%、全従業員の女性が占める割合は37%しかない。黒人およびヒスパニック系の従業員がヤフー全体の人員に占める割合はわずか6%である。

一方、エイブラムソン氏がニューヨーク・タイムズの重役の半数を女性にしたことは、最大の功績の一つである。

「マリッサ・メイヤーには3億ドルの価値が与えられた。しかし、ジル・エイブラムソンは首を切られた」とヘックマン教授は言う。

これは、単純化しすぎているかもしれない。ニューヨーク・タイムズは、最終的にエイブラムソンの後任に黒人のディーン・バケー氏を充てた。しかし、企業のトップに立つ女性やマイノリティは、他の人を出世させるよりも、多様性を形だけのものにして自分を優先させた方が利益を得ていることが研究から見てとれる。

企業の上級職に多様性を持たせることについては、問題を本質的に再構築する必要があるとヘックマン教授は指摘する。言葉だけで多様性を強調するよりも、教授は企業が「人口統計学的に寛大な」リーダーを登用することが好ましいと言う。言い換えれば、自分たちとは異なる人材を昇進させる、そして採用するという姿勢が重要なのだ。

「多様性という言葉にはバイアスがかかっている。『あなたは非白人や女性を登用するのが好きなんでしょ』という本音の婉曲表現として使われている」と、ヘックマン教授は述べている。

ヘックマン教授と研究チームは、企業で多様性を促進する役を白人男性に務めさせることを提唱している。多くの企業で「CDO (Chief Diversity Officer、最高多様性責任者)」などの役職が設けられているが、その役職に就くのは女性やマイノリティばかりだ。これは結局、彼らに対する否定的な固定観念を強化することに他ならない。「フォーチュン」誌に掲載された500の大企業のうち、CDOがいる企業は60%にのぼるが、その内訳は65%が女性で、37%がアフリカ系アメリカ人であると2012年のウォール・ストリート・ジャーナルが報告している。

「企業で多様性を推進する部署はぼぼ全て非白人や女性だが、これでは多様性からかけ離れており、真剣に受け止めてもらえない。白人男性が自分の都合で人材の多様性を推進していたとしても、誰も文句を言わないだろう」

English Translated by Gengo]

キャロライン・ケネディ氏の写真集
JFK with Caroline on the Honey Fitz, 1963(01 of32)
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Caroline Kennedy, President Kennedy. ... object 8971 NARA | Date 1963 | 8 | 25 | Author Cecil W. Stoughton (1920 - 2008) | Permission ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
President Kennedy(02 of32)
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DESCRDESCRWASHINGTON, DC - 1961 - FILE - President Kennedy has a breakfast conference with his daughter Caroline in the residence area of the White House in 1961. (Photo by Charles del Vecchio/ Washington Post & Times Herald) Box 100 - 1962-1963 (credit:Getty)
Caroline Kennedy Kerry Kennedy Resolute Desk a(03 of32)
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Description 1 Caroline Kennedy (CBK) & Kerry Kennedy in the Oval ... org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKWHP-1963-06-22-B.aspx# | Author Harold ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
Kennedy testőrei(04 of32)
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Halloween Visitors to the Oval Office. Caroline Kennedy, President Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Jr. White House, Oval... - NARA - 194260(05 of32)
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Caroline Kennedy, President Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Jr. White House, Oval ... (1963 - 1969) (Most Recent)President (1961-1963 : Kennedy). ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
JFK & Kids with horse at Camp David, 1963(06 of32)
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Caroline Kennedy ( riding \"Tex\" ). ... Source Robert Knudsen White House Photographs | Date 1963 | 3 | 31 | Author Robert Knudsen White ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
Carolineandfather(07 of32)
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Description John F. Kennedy and Caroline Kennedy, 25 August 1963, Aboard the \"Honey Fitz\", off Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. | ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
Hyannisport Weekend- President Kennedy with children - NARA - 194265(08 of32)
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David Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, President Kennedy, Michael Kennedy ... (1963 - 1969) (Most Recent)President (1961-1963 : Kennedy). ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
Kennedy children visit the Oval Office. President Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy ,Jr. White House, Oval... - NARA - 194242(09 of32)
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President Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy ,Jr. (1963-1969 : Johnson). ... (1963 - 1969) (Most Recent)President (1961-1963 : Kennedy). ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
President Kennedy and family. President Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Kennedy. Newport, RI... - NARA - 194202(10 of32)
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Caroline Kennedy. ... Scope and content | General notes | ARC 194202 | Local identifier | Creator President (1961-1963 : Kennedy). ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
Kennedy Family with Dogs During a Weekend at Hyannisport 1963.gif(11 of32)
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Jacqueline B. Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy with their dogs during a ... Author Cecil W. Stoughton | Date 1963-08-14 | Permission 194258 | other_ ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
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Kennedy, 25 November 1963, walking down some ... Kennedy jr., de:Caroline Kennedy | Caroline Kennedy ... ca:Caroline Kennedy | Caroline Kennedy ... (credit:WikiMedia:)
FILE USA DIPLOMACY JAPAN(13 of32)
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epa03800444 (FILE) A file photo dated 03 February 2008 shows Caroline Kennedy speaking at a \'Get Out the Vote\' rally supporting then presidential candidate Barack Obama in Los Angeles, California, USA. On 25 July 2013, the Japanese Government said it welcomed the nomination of Caroline Kennedy as new US Ambassador to Japan. Caroline Kennedy has been tapped to be the next US ambassador to Japan, the White House said on 24 July 2013. If approved by the US Senate, it would be the first time the 55-year-old, who has kept a mostly low profile in politics, takes a formal post. EPA/PHIL MCCARTEN (credit:EPA=時事)
JAPAN-US-DISASTER-NUCLEAR-WWII-NAGASAKI(14 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy attends a memorial service for victims of the 1945 atomic bombing, at Nagasaki Peace Park on August 9, 2014. Japan marks the 69th anniversary of the US World War II atomic bombing of Nagasaki, as anti-nuclear sentiment runs high in the country. JAPAN OUT AFP PHOTO / JIJI PRESS (Photo credit should read JIJI PRESS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JIJI PRESS via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DISASTER-NUCLEAR-WWII-HIROSHIMA(15 of32)
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Wearing a plastic rain coat, US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (C) leaves the venue after attending a memorial service to pray for the victims of the 1945 atomic bombing at the Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima on August 6, 2014. The Japanese western city marked the 69th anniversary of the world\'s first atomic attack on August 6. AFP PHOTO / TORU YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-BLOOMENERGY-SOFTBANK(16 of32)
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President of Japan\'s mobile carrier SoftBank Masayoshi Son (2nd L) holds a fuel cell box alongside CEO of Bloom Energy K.R.Sridhar (L), outside director of Bloom Energy Colim Powell (2nd R) and US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (R) during a tape-cutting ceremony in front of the company\'s headquarters in Tokyo on June 17, 2014. SoftBank on June 17 announced installation of the on-site fuel cell electricity generation system \'Bloom Energy Server\' in the headquarters building to cover 14 percent of the company\'s electricity demands. AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-DISASTER-NUCLEAR(17 of32)
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Wearing a protective suit and a mask, US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy looks around the central control room for the unit one and unit two reactors of the tsunami-crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant of Japan\'s Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) in Okuma town in Fukushima prefecture on May 14, 2014. Kennedy toured the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant for the first time on May 14, pledging continued US help with the clean-up. AFP PHOTO/POOL/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-DISASTER-NUCLEAR(18 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (centre L) and her 21-year-old son John Schlossberg pose with children for photographs at Child House Fukumaru, a center created to support children orphaned by the Great East Japan Earthquake in Iwaki, Fukushima prefecture, on May 15, 2014. Kennedy toured the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant for the first time on May 14, pledging continued US help with the clean-up and is spending one more day in the Fukushima region to inspect an offshore floating facility for wind power generation there. AFP PHOTO/POOL/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-DISASTER-NUCLEAR(19 of32)
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Wearing a protective suit and a mask, US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy listens to Masuda Naohiro (3rd R), an executive of Japan\'s Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) when she visits the central control room for the unit one and unit two reactors of the tsunami-crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant in Okuma town in Fukushima prefecture on May 14, 2014. Kennedy toured the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant for the first time on May 14, pledging continued US help with the clean-up. AFP PHOTO/POOL/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-DISASTER-NUCLEAR(20 of32)
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Wearing protective suits and masks, US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (C) and her son Jack Kennedy Schlossberg (R) listen to Masuda Naohiro (L), an executive of Japan\'s Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) as they visit the central control room for the unit one and unit two reactors of the tsunami-crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant in Okuma town in Fukushima prefecture on May 14, 2014. Kennedy toured the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant for the first time on May 14, pledging continued US help with the clean-up. AFP PHOTO/POOL/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-DISASTER-NUCLEAR(21 of32)
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Wearing a protective suit and a mask, US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy looks around at the central control room for the unit one and unit two reactors of the tsunami-crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant of Japan\'s Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) in Okuma town in Fukushima prefecture on May 14, 2014. Kennedy toured the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant for the first time on May 14, pledging continued US help with the clean-up. AFP PHOTO/POOL/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
U.S. President Barack Obama Departs Japan For South Korea(22 of32)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 25: U.S. Ambassador to Japan, Caroline Kennedy is seen upon U.S. President Barack Obama\'s departure at Haneda Airport on April 25, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. The U.S. President is on an Asian tour where he is due to visit Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Philippines. (Photo by Jun Sato/Getty Images) (credit:Jun Sato via Getty Images)
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Rides On Central Japan Railway Co. Maglev Train(23 of32)
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Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Japan, left, and Shinzo Abe, Japan\'s prime minister, sit on board the L0 series magnetic-levitation (maglev) train, undergoing testing by Central Japan Railway Co., at the Yamanashi Maglev Test Track in Tsuru, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, on Saturday, April 12, 2014. The maglev that resumed trial runs last year holds a world record for speed at 581 kmh. Photographer: Koji Sasahara/Pool via Bloomberg (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-ENTERTAINMENT-MOVIE-POTTER(24 of32)
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Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (2nd L), US ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (L), Universal Studios Japan (USJ) president Glenn Gumpel (2nd R) and Irish actress Evanna Lynch (R) gesture during the opening of USJ\'s new attraction \'The Wizarding World of Harry Potter\' at the USJ in Osaka, western Japan on April 18, 2014. AFP PHOTO / JIJI PRESS JAPAN OUT (Photo credit should read JIJI PRESS/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JIJI PRESS via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-TRADE-AGRICULTURE(25 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy inspects the US booth at the annual \'Foodex\' food exhibition in Chiba, suburban Tokyo on March 4, 2014, while a man cooks sausages. Japan and the US have negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement. Japan wants to exempt rice, wheat, beef and pork, dairy products and sweetening plants from tariff elimination, while the US has refused to concede the Japanese position. AFP PHOTO / Yoshikazu TSUNO (Photo credit should read YOSHIKAZU TSUNO/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:YOSHIKAZU TSUNO via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY(26 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy wears a Boston Red Sox baseball jersey during a reception at the US embassy in Tokyo on January 21, 2014. AFP PHOTO / Toru Hanai / POOL (Photo credit should read TORU HANAI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY(27 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (R) receives a Boston Red Sox baseball jersey from Red Sox pitchers Junichi Tazawa (2nd R), Koji Uehara (2nd L) and team\'s Vice President of marketing Adam Grossman at the US embassy in Tokyo on January 21, 2014. AFP PHOTO / Toru Hanai / POOL (Photo credit should read TORU HANAI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-KENNEDY(28 of32)
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US Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy smiles before delivering a speech during a welcome luncheon hosted by the America-Japan Society and the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan at an event in Tokyo on November 27, 2013. Kennedy, the first female US ambassador to Japan, arrived to take up her post in Tokyo earlier this month. AFP PHOTO / POOL / Shuji Kajiyama (Photo credit should read SHUJI KAJIYAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-KENNEDY(29 of32)
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New US ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy reads a book which she presented to children when she visited Mangokuura Elememtary School in the huge tsunami-hit area of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, on November 25, 2013. Kennedy, the lone surviving child of the assassinated John F. Kennedy, met Japan\'s Emperor Akihito on November 19 in a ceremonial formality, which came days before the 50th anniversary on November 22nd of her father John F. Kennedy\'s assassination. AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-KENNEDY(30 of32)
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New US ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy reads a book which she presented to children when she visited Mangokuura Elememtary School in the huge tsunami-hit area of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, on November 25, 2013. Kennedy, the lone surviving child of the assassinated John F. Kennedy, met Japan\'s Emperor Akihito on November 19 in a ceremonial formality, which came days before the 50th anniversary on November 22nd of her father John F. Kennedy\'s assassination. AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-KENNEDY(31 of32)
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New US ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (R) writes a Chinese charactor with a brush beside a child during a calligraphy class as she visited Mangokuura Elememtary School in the huge tsunami-hit area of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, on November 25, 2013. Kennedy, the lone surviving child of the assassinated John F. Kennedy, met Japan\'s Emperor Akihito on November 19 in a ceremonial formality, which came days before the 50th anniversary on November 22nd of her father John F. Kennedy\'s assassination. AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)
JAPAN-US-DIPLOMACY-KENNEDY(32 of32)
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New US ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy (R) shows a Chinese charactor, which reads \'friend\', which she wrote with a brush during a calligraphy class when she visited Mangokuura Elememtary School in the huge tsunami-hit area of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, on November 25, 2013. Kennedy, the lone surviving child of the assassinated John F. Kennedy, met Japan\'s Emperor Akihito on November 19 in a ceremonial formality, which came days before the 50th anniversary on November 22nd of her father John F. Kennedy\'s assassination. AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA (Photo credit should read TORU YAMANAKA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TORU YAMANAKA via Getty Images)

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