ハワイのお正月恒例行事に見る「ハイブリディティ」とは?―「ハワイと日本、人々の歴史」第9回

アロハ、Myハワイ編集長明子です。「ハワイと日本、人々の歴史」シリーズでは、観光地としてのハワイから一歩踏み込み、ハワイと日本をつなぐ人々に焦点をあて、その歴史を掘り下げて紹介しています。前回はハワイ出雲大社について書きましたが、今回はハワイ出雲大社の初詣と同様に、ハワイの人々によく知られたお正月の恒例行事を2つほど紹介し、ハワイのローカル文化の核をなすものについて考えてみたいと思います。
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アロハ、Myハワイ編集長明子です。「ハワイと日本、人々の歴史」シリーズでは、観光地としてのハワイから一歩踏み込み、ハワイと日本をつなぐ人々に焦点をあて、その歴史を掘り下げて紹介しています。前回はハワイ出雲大社について書きましたが、今回はハワイ出雲大社の初詣と同様に、ハワイの人々によく知られたお正月の恒例行事を2つほど紹介し、ハワイのローカル文化の核をなすものについて考えてみたいと思います。

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明けましておめでとうございます。今年もどうぞよろしくお願いいたします。ハワイのお正月行事ということで、まず最初にご紹介するのが、ホノルル市内のハワイ日本文化センター主催の「ニューイヤー・オハナ・フェスティバル」です。毎年1月中旬の日曜日に行われ、今年21回目を迎える人気行事です。オハナとはハワイ語で家族という意味で、ハワイの人々の大切なバリューのひとつでもあります。その名の通り、会場のハワイ日本文化センターと、その前にあるモイリイリ・フィールドでは、家族向けの催しが多数用意され、ハワイ中からたくさんのファミリーが訪れます。

日系人のみならず、特にハワイの人々に人気があるのが着物の着付けです。小さな子どもたちが着物を着付けてもらい、写真を撮るというアトラクションは予約制ですが、あっという間に定員に達してしまうほど。また、書道や折り紙、お茶などの日本文化体験コーナーも非常に人気があります。ハワイ生まれの人々がさらさらっと達筆で書をしたためる様子などは見応えがありますよ。現在、ハワイの子どもたちの間で大ブームとなっているのが、これまた日本生まれのけん玉。今年はけん玉大会も企画されているようですよ。何かにつけ、ハワイと日本の距離の近さを感じます。

モイリイリ・フィールドには舞台が設えられ、ハワイらしくウクレレの演奏なども毎年行われますが、琉球國まつり太鼓ハワイ支部による勇壮な太鼓演奏やエイサー、餅つきなどでも大いにもりあがります。ずらりと並ぶ食べ物のブースではお好み焼きやアンダギー(沖縄風ドーナツ)などのに加えて、ホットドッグやプレートランチ(ハワイ風お弁当)なども。日本の伝統を大切にしつつも、多文化社会のハワイを感じさせる、どこかハイブリッドなお正月風景が楽しめます。

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今年69回目を迎える伝統ある催し、ホノルル日系人商工会議所主催の新年宴会では、日本酒の利き酒、飴細工、書道、獅子舞に太鼓演奏などお正月ならではの華やかな、和を感じさせるイベントがもりだくさんですが、その中でもハワイのビジネスマンたちに受け継がれている伝統行事といえば、「商工白浪五人男」でしょう。商工白浪五人男とは、毎年ホノルル商工会議所メンバーから選ばれた7名が歌舞伎風の衣装に身を包み、長セリフで自己紹介をするというもの。実際に師匠について、発声から身のこなしまでを学び演じるので、なかなか堂々とした本格的なセリフ回しが楽しめます。しかしながら、やはりここはハワイ。セリフは日本語と英語両方で行われ、7名のなかには女性も。それぞれが登場するたびに、観客は「大根役者」をもじり予め購入していた大根を舞台上の出演者のもとに持って行き、舞台はあっという間に大根だらけになるという、楽しい一幕も毎年のお約束なのです。

日本の伝統を大事にしながらも、どこかハワイ風のアレンジを加えたお正月行事は、ハワイのローカル文化それ自体を体現しているものといえます。ハワイのローカル文化といえば、その基本になっているのが、プランテーション農場。19世紀~20世紀に隆盛を極めたサトウキビなどのプランテーション農場では、日本をはじめ、中国、ポルトガル、フィリピン、韓国などの人々が混在し、意思を疎通させるためにピジンと呼ばれる独特の英語表現が発達しました。同様に食文化なども少しずつ多様化し、ハイブリッド化が進み、それが新たな「ローカル文化」としてハワイの人々のアイデンティティへとシフトしていったのです。多種の文化が少しずつ溶け合い、成熟し、新たな側面を加えつつ人々の間に根付いていったのです。ハワイの文化と歴史は密接に結びついているんですね。

【関連記事】

(※この記事は、2014年1月4日の「Myハワイ」より転載しました)

World's Best Islands (PHOTOS)
No. 1 Palawan, Philippines(01 of06)
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\r\nThis lightly populated archipelago of 1,780 islands makes a splashy debut on the World’s Best Islands list by nabbing the No. 1 title thanks to its unspoiled beauty, abundant wildlife, and seascapes, which T+L readers deemed second to none. Seek out the serenity of the beaches of El Nido, where Bacuit Bay’s coral reefs teem with tropical fish, or, for bragging rights, the world’s longest underground navigable river.

\r\n\r\nWhere to Stay: On the edge of a tropical rainforest, the palm-thatched villas of new luxury hideaway El Nido Pangulasian Island front a sandy cove where you can dive with sea turtles. elnidoresorts.com\r\n

Photo: Francisco Guerrero
No. 3 Maui, HI(02 of06)
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\r\nMaui has won over T+L readers once again as the most sought-after Hawaiian island. Can you blame it? Just consider the evidence: the surfer haven of Paia; the heart-stopping scenic drive past secret waterfalls to Hana; miles of perfect coastline like Napili Beach; lush valleys; and otherworldly trails along Haleakala volcano.

\r\nWhere to Stay: Favored celebrity hideout Four Seasons Resort at Wailea caters to every whim with three stellar restaurants, Pacific and volcano views, and customized spa packages.\r\n

Photo: DU BOISBERRANGER Jean /Hemis/Corbis
No. 4 Santorini, Greece(03 of06)
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\r\nGleaming white houses and blue-domed buildings perched on soaring cliffs above the sparkling Aegean Sea—it must be Santorini, a distinctly picturesque island among the many-splendored Greek Isles. Roam the palapa-shaded black sands of Perissa Beach or ogle the dramatic sunsets of cliff-top village Oia, one of the most photographed spots in the world.

\r\n\r\nWhere to Stay: Oia’s Katikies Hotel overlooks the sweeping caldera basin with 27 whitewashed cubist cottages situated around two infinity pools.\r\n

Photo: Jessica Sample
No. 5 Prince Edward Island, Canada(04 of06)
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\r\nWhile it’s known as the setting of the much-loved children’s series Anne of Green Gables, Canada’s smallest and least populous province also attracts visitors with its cobalt blue seas, vibrant emerald pastures, and red sands. Head to Thunder Cove beach and prepare to be wowed by the rust-colored dunes and crashing waves.

\r\n\r\nWhere to Stay:Dalvay-by-the-Sea, Tudor-style cottages on the edge of picturesque Prince Edward Island National Park, with Adirondack chairs dotting the expansive lawn and water views.\r\n

Photo: Barrett & MacKay/All Canada Photos/Corbis
No. 6 Bali, Indonesia(05 of06)
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\r\nSugary beach landscapes, jewel-green rice paddies, and ancient temples: the physical and spiritual beauty of Bali was enthralling travelers well before the Eat, Pray, Love phenomenon—and continues to do so. Start your quest for inner peace by watching the sunrise on Sanur beach’s sweeping sands, then experiencing a Balinese massage along the promenade.

\r\n\r\nWhere to Stay: The new Regent Bali is the ultimate place to meditate, with 94 ultra-luxe beachfront suites on 10 acres of tropical gardens. regenthotels.com\r\n

Photo: David Kukin
No. 7 Kauai, HI(06 of06)
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\r\nA playground for nature enthusiasts, laid-back Kauai is covered with verdant mountainous landscapes, plunging waterfalls, scenic hiking trails (layered along the dramatic Na Pali Coast and Waimea Canyon), and more than 60 beaches. The South Shore’s Poipu Beach or Princeville’s Hanalei Bay beach will put you in instant vacation mode—especially if you have a mai tai in hand.

\r\n\r\nWhere to Stay: Poipu’s Koa Kea Hotel & Resort provides a more intimate escape than nearby mega-resorts, while St. Regis Princeville is carved into a cliff with an 11,000-square-foot spa and 5,000-square-foot infinity pool.\r\n

Photo: iStockphoto
Best Islands
#10 Nosy Be, Madagascar(01 of10)
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Located off the northwest tip of Madagascar, Nosy Be is a great destination for those looking to get off the grid. It\'s \"refreshingly devoid of bling,\" says Lonely Planet.
#9 Easter Island, Chile(02 of10)
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Given its location way, way off the coast of Chile, Easter Island is the place to non-metaphorically get away from it all. Aside from visiting the famous stone heads, visitors can dive and snorkel, horseback ride, hike and more.
#8 Koh Tao, Thailand(03 of10)
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Koh Tao, in the Gulf of Thailand, is a scuba diver\'s paradise. It\'s one of the world’s cheapest places to get your open-water dive certification, says Lonely Planet, and its shallow-water reefs are great for beginners. \n\n:
#7 Moorea, French Polynesia(04 of10)
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When picturing French Polynesia, perhaps visions of overwater bungalows and honeymoon resorts come to mind. But the beautiful scenery and outdoor adventures are also worth the trip. (credit:Alamy)
#6 Isla Mujeres, Mexico(05 of10)
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One of the coolest times to visit this island off the coast of Cancun is during the annual Whale Shark Festival when visitors have the chance to swim with hundreds of sharks.
#5 Santorini, Greece(06 of10)
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Famous for its whitewashed buildings, Santorini is less of a party spot than equally-well-known Mykonos, as Matador points out.
#4 San Juan Island, Washington(07 of10)
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One draw of San Juan Island are it\'s nature- and adventure-focused activities. Zip lining, orca watching and visiting lavender farms are all popular activities. (credit:Alamy)
#3 Bora Bora, French Polynesia(08 of10)
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The island of Bora Bora is synonymous with luxury, beauty and world class resorts. Prepare to be entranced by cobalt and turquoise waters, the sweet smell of Tiare flowers, and even the occasional giant turtle swimming by.
#2 St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands(09 of10)
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One of the world\'s best islands is so close to home -- you don\'t even need a passport to get there! While on island, search out sights like Virgin Islands National Park and the secluded beaches of Reef Bay and Little Lameshur Bay.
#1 Ambergris Caye, Belize(10 of10)
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This delightful spot in northern Belize has actually been recommended as one of the world\'s best places to retire. The area is flecked with mostly low-key resorts and is popular with divers and fishermen. The town of San Pedro features sand streets and a nightlife of dance clubs.
World's Best Beaches
#25 Woolacombe Beach, North Devon, England(01 of25)
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#24 White Beach, Boracay, Philippines(02 of25)
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#23 Seven Mile Beach, Georgetown, Cayman Islands(03 of25)
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#22 The Baths, Virgin Gorda, BVI(04 of25)
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#21 Akumal Beach, Akumal, Mexico(05 of25)
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#20 Fort De Soto Park, Verde, Florida(06 of25)
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#19 Turquoise Bay, Exmouth, Australia(07 of25)
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#18 Gulf Islands National Seashore, Pensacola, Florida(08 of25)
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#17 Anse Lazio, Praslin Island, Seychelles(09 of25)
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#16 Siesta Key Public Beach, Sarasota, Florida(10 of25)
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#15 Ka’anapali Beach, Lahaina, Hawaii(11 of25)
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#14 Playa del Norte, Isla Mujeres, Mexico(12 of25)
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#13 Chesterman Beach, Tofino, B.C., Canada(13 of25)
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#12 Playa de ses Illetes, Balearic Islands, Spain(14 of25)
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#11 Playa Paraiso Beach, Cuba(15 of25)
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#10 Rhossili Bay, Swansea, Wales(16 of25)
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#9 Eagle Beach, Aruba(17 of25)
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#8 Horseshoe Bay Beach, Southampton Parish, Bermuda(18 of25)
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(credit:Flickr:put_the_needle_on_the_record)
#7 Lopes Mendes Beach, Ilha Grande, Brazil(19 of25)
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#6 Playa de las Catedrales, Ribadeo, Spain(20 of25)
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#5 Flamenco Beach, Culebra, Puerto Rico(21 of25)
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#4 Baia do Sancho, Fernando de Noronha, Brazil(22 of25)
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#3 Whitehaven Beach, Airlie Beach, Australia(23 of25)
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#2 Grace Bay, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos(24 of25)
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#1 Rabbit Beach, Lampedusa, Italy(25 of25)
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Travel Channel's Best Beaches 2013
Best Exotic Beach: Mustique, St. Vincent and the Grenadines(01 of10)
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Best Beach Boardwalk: Venice Beach, California \(02 of10)
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Most Romantic Beach: Matira Beach, Bora Bora, Tahiti(03 of10)
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Best Beach Bar: Rick's Cafe, Negril, Jamaica(04 of10)
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Best Beach For Adventure: Snorkeling in Hanauma Bay, Oahu (05 of10)
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Best Beach You Haven't Heard Of...Yet: Nevis, Caribbean(06 of10)
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Sexiest Beach: Ipanema Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil(07 of10)
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Best Family Beach: Destin, Florida(08 of10)
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Best Party Beach: South Beach, Miami, Florida(09 of10)
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Best Overall Beach: Matira Beach, Bora Bora, Tahiti(10 of10)
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